See the pix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See the pix - Essay Example This is an indication that though I may exhibit charisma, I am not a highly charismatic person. To a far extent therefore, charisma is not entirely important to my leadership effectiveness. Rather, I would want to use other means such as being persuasive through actions and words to effect my leadership obligations. I would depend on charisma only when the going gets very though and it has to be used as a last resort. As far as my preferred type of power is concerned, I scored very high points on referent than rewards, which suggests that my power system is based on people’s desire to identify with me rather than getting them to deliver tasks in exchange for reward. Babou (2008) also notes that transactional leaders are those who relate power to reward, punishment and conditions to get their followers accomplishing task. Since this contrasts with my own description, there is every indication that my leadership skill is more transformational than transactional. Based on the five basis of power, I am more comfortable using legitimate type of power. The reasons that can be attributed to this in relation to my leadership style are enormous. Fundamentally, I am a person who deals with people rather than task. This means that I should be able to guide my actions and interactions with personal and empirically accepted legitimate principles. This would ensure that my day by day interactions with people do not fall out of order. In the absence of such principles, people who come around are clearly going to abuse the freedom around me. My conflict handling style is collaborative. This means that in the midst or event of a conflict, I would rather want to be seen present with all people and stakeholders involved in trying to resolve the issue. I would not want to delegate powers into the hands of third party mediators. Rather, I would want to be involved myself. In relation to my leadership style, I would

Educational Action Research

Educational Action Research Action Research Insights How have you seen or experienced traditional educational research conducted in the past? Traditional research is conducted by outside professional who have limited stakes in achievement and meeting academic standards. Over the years, many different methods of instruction have been introduced and these methods have been the product of outsider research. Dana Yendol-Hoppey (2009) state that teachers voices have typically been absent from discussions about education change and reform (p.1). Who leads educational research? Where, when, and why is it conducted? Those who lead education research consist of business leaders, governmental groups, college groups, and others that are outsiders to education and have limited ideas of what a classroom teachers needs on a daily basis (Dana Yendol-Hoppey, 2009). These researcher use data review, surveys, and process oriented methods to conduct research. Based on Dana Yendol-Hoppey(2009). There are two paradigms that are mostly responsible for educational research. The first in process-product oriented method with the teacher as technician in the classroom (p.2-3). The research is linear in scope and the researcher is an outsider to the classroom. The second paradigm is qualitative or interpretive (p.3). This requires the teacher as active participant, discussion on the focus, and interpretation (p.3). Outsider researcher will conduct the research. Both Paradigms have as a reason why to do the research the concept of identifying problems to improve performance within the classroom and education. What is the difference between teacher inquiry/action research and educational research? Essentially, there is no difference between educational research and teacher inquiry/action research. Educational research is the big umbrella that encompasses all research in the education area. Dana Yendol-Hoppey (2009) states that â€Å"Teacher inquiry highlights the roll of teachers as knowledge generator, researcher, and participant. It focuses on the concerns of teachers and engages teachers in the design, data collection, and interpretation of data around a question†( p. 4). After studying your completed comparison chart, in what ways are these action research studies the same as traditional educational research studies? In what ways are they different? What are the strengths and weaknesses of them both? Action research studies are similar to other traditional educational research studies. Both types of research pose questions about education that will solve a problem, create a vehicle for change and educational reform, and generate valuable insights into the teaching and learning process. The differences in the action research model is that Action Research includes the teacher as a participant, leader, and implementer of change. The weaknesses of the process-product model and the interpretive is its single focused question. Describe which action research study promoted teaching practices that resulted in more culturally responsive teaching. How was it different from the others? â€Å"Mother Tongue: The role of parent teacher communication in helping students reach new standards† by Lara Goldstein (2003) promotes teaching practices that resulted in more culturally responsive teaching. The purpose of this study was to help students achieve standards at high levels focusing on language standards. Assessments of student achievement, communication with parents, and reflections from students and parents were collected. Three problems were obvious from the study: Lack of confidence Cultural values Shy and introverted. Identified need for more translators, translated materials, and overcoming cultural barriers(Goldstein, 2003). Primarily, English as Second Language students were impacted or affected. Asian-American cultural barriers were pointed out as a factor contributing to these student not participating in classroom discussions. Identified need for more translators, translated materials, and overcoming cultural barriers(Goldstein, 2003). Primarily, English as Second Language students were impacted or affected. Describe the teacher action research study that most influenced the teaching and students learning. How was it influential? Drexler, Dawson, and Ferdig (2007) wrote â€Å"Collaborative Blogging as a Means to Develop Elementary Expository Writing Skills.† In this article, the purpose of the study was to show that collaborative blogging would improve student’s motivation to write. Students attitude via surveys were used to assess before and after attitudes toward writing(Drexler, Dawson and Ferdig, 2007). A four-step systematic data analysis process was used to conduct, collect, and analyze data. Diversity was addressed as an unintentional result. The major finding indicated that collaboration with college/third grade students increased positive attitudes and motivation towards writing at school(Drexler, Dawson and Ferdig, 2007). Blogging and the use of technology should be used more to help student gather, retain, and assimilate knowledge. Students would benefit from more use of interactive tools to help them learn and retain concepts. Describe the action research study that encouraged equity in teaching practices to meet the needs of a diverse student body. â€Å"Understanding High School Black Male Student’s Achievement and School Experience† written by Q. T. Nguyen (2007) is the action research study that encouraged equity in teaching practices. . The purpose of the study is to identify what factors contribute to achievement levels of minorities, black males in particular. This was the inquiry question: â€Å" What are the factors that support Black male student’s achievement in MMSD?† (Nguyen,2007). Reviewing current data and interviewing high school students was used as data and for review. The group being studied was a minority which constitutes a diverse population. â€Å"Disconnectedness with teachers, low expectations, and irrelevant classes, peer pressure, and family issues were factors that affected high achievement in the population of student?† (Nguyen,2007).. Shared information and realization that more student subjects were needed to further assess. Basically, this topic is needed with a bigger, more focused group of students and needed to include parents and teachers in the next research. Based on all of this weeks Resources, what is the most important thing you learned about the action research process? What questions do you still have about teacher inquiry/action research? Do you think traditional educational research can positively influence your teaching practice? Why or why not? Based on all the week’s resources, the most important thing I learned about the action research process was it was conducted and lead by classroom teachers, and this process has relevance to the classroom and to the curriculum being taught in that particular class. One question I have about action research is how individualized can it be to reflect impact in special education classes. Traditional educational research has uses in education. These practices are good for identifying processes and for interpreting data for academic success. One research method is not going to serve all facets of the education climate. Action Research Comparison Chart Directions: One of the goals of this week’s learning is to become familiar with various action research scenarios that are classroom and student based and see how different they are from traditional-based research studies. Complete the chart below. This exercise will help you compare and contrast the action research studies and better prepare you in responding to the Application questions. Note: You will submit the completed chart as an Appendix to the Application assignment. Questions Action Research Study #1 Action Research Study #2 Action Research Study #3 Who is the author of the study (i.e., insider or outsider, researcher or teacher)? Insider and researcher Researcher Insider, teacher What is the title of the action research study? Understanding High School Black Male Student’s Achievement and School Experience. Collaborative Blogging as a Means to Develop Elementary Expository Writing Skills Mother Tongue: The role of parent teacher communication in helping students reach new standards. What is the purpose of the study? Why is it important to the author? The purpose of the study is to identify what factors contribute to achievement levels of minorities, black males in particular The purpose of the the study was to show that collaborative blogging would improve student’s motivation to write. The purpose of this study was to help students achieve standards What is the research question, and what is its focus (i.e., to predict, make an impact, control, explain a phenomenon or a process, or provide insight into a teacher’s practice to make change)? What are the factors that support Black male student’s achievement in MMSD? How can technology be effectively integrated with an expository writing project? Will blogging improve third grade students’ attitude toward writing? Will blogging improve the quality of writing? Will third grade students be further motivated to learn about a topic if they are teamed with college partners for guidance? What are the limitations of blogging in the third grade classroom? What happens when I communicate explicitly with parents about standards and what is the impact of parental understanding of LA standards of achievement? Which data are collected? How are data collected and analyzed? Reviewing current data and interviewing high school students, Students attitude via surveys were used to assess before and after attitudes toward writing. A four-step systematic data analysis process Assessments of student achievement, communication with parents, and reflections from students and parents were collected. Is diversity addressed? If so, how? The group being studied was a minority which constitutes a diverse population. Diversity was addressed as an unintentional result. Asian students were addressed and culturally linguistics was mentioned in study. What were the major findings of the action research study? Disconnectednes with teachers, low expectatins, and irrelevant classes, peer pressure, and family issues were factors that affected high achievement in the population of student s The major finding indicated that collaboration with college/third grade students increased positive attitudes and motivation towards writing at school Three problems were obvious from the study: 1. Lack of confidence 2.Cultural values 3.Shy and introverted What actions or changes resulted from the study? Whom did the changes impact? Shared information and realization that more student on this topic is needed with a bigger, more focused group of students. Include parents and teachers in the next research. Blogging and the use of technology should be used more to help student gather, retain, and assimilate knowledge. Students would benefit from more use of interactive tools to help them learn and retain concepts. Identified need for more translators, translated materials, and overcoming cultural barriers. Primarily, English as Second Language students were impacted or affected. References Dana, N. F., Yendol-Hoppey, D. (2009). The reflective educators guide to classroom  research: Learning to teach and teaching to learn through practitioner inquiry (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Drexler, W., Dawson, K., Ferdig, R. E. (2007). Collaborative blogging as a means to  develop elementary expository writing skills. Electronic Journal for the  Integration ofTechnology in Education, 6, 140–160. Goldstone, L. (2003). The mother tongue: The role of parent-teacher communication in  helping students meet new standards. In E. Meyers, F. Rust (Eds.), Taking  action with teacher research (pp. 63–78). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2010). Action research for educators:  Student course introduction. Baltimore, MD: Author. Nguyen, Q. T. (2007). Understanding high school black male students achievement and  school experience. In C. Caro-Bruce, R. Flessner, M. Klehr, K. Zeichner (Eds.), Creating equitable classrooms through action research (pp. 78–99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Walden University M.S. in Education Program Formative Evaluative Criteria for Applications and Reflective Essays Quality of Work Submitted Work reflects graduate-level critical, analytical thinking. A: Exemplary Work A = 4.00; A- = 3.75 All of the previous, in addition to the following: B: Graduate Level Work B+ = 3.50; B = 3.00; B- = 2.75 All of the previous, in addition to the following: C: Minimal Work C+ = 2.50; C = 2.00; C- = 1.75 F: Work Submitted but Unacceptable F = 1.00 Adherence to Assignment Expectations The extent to which work meets the assigned criteria. Assignment exceeds expectations, integrating additional material and/or information. Assignment demonstrates exceptional breadth and depth. All parts of the assignment are completed, with fully developed topics. The work is presented in a thorough and detailed manner. Assignment demonstrates appropriate breadth and depth. Most parts of assignment are completed. Topics are not fully developed. Assignment demonstrates minimal depth and breadth. Does not fulfill the expectations of the assignment. Key components are not included Assignment lacks breadth and depth. Assimilation and Synthesis of Ideas The extent to which the work reflects the student’s ability to- Understand the assignment’s purpose; Understand and analyze material in videos, readings, and discussions; Apply presented strategies **May include, but are not limited to, scholarly articles, collegial discussions; information from conferences, in service, faculty development, and/or meetings. Outside sources also may include materials from previous Walden MSED courses, videos, and readings. (but aren’t currently being used in this course)In addition, students may refer to the course Webliography, course reference list (Bibliography), and the theoretical foundations, all of which are located on â€Å"Course Home† in BlackBoard.. Demonstrates the ability intellectually to explore and/or implement key instructional concepts. Demonstrates exceptional inclusion of major points, using creditable sources**, in addition to course videos or required readings. Demonstrates insightful reflection and/or critical thinking. Demonstrates a clear understanding of the assignment’s purpose. Includes specific information from course videos or required readings to support major points. Provides careful consideration of key instructional concepts. Shows some degree of understanding of the assignment’s purpose. Generally applies theories, concepts, and/or strategies correctly, with ideas unclear and/or underdeveloped Minimally includes specific information from course videos or required readings. Shows a lack of understanding of the assignment’s purpose. Does not apply theories, concepts, and/or strategies Does not include specific information from course videos or required readings. Written Expression and Formatting The extent to which scholarly, critical, analytical writing is presented in APA format; Standard Edited English ( i.e. correct grammar, mechanics). Represents scholarly writing in a correct APA format. Work is unified around a central purpose with well-developed ideas, logically organized in paragraph structure with clear transitions. Effective sentence variety; clear, concise, and powerful expression are evident. Work is written in Standard Edited English. No prominent errors interfere with reading. Work is well organized with correct APA formatting throughout. Ideas are clearly and concisely expressed. Elements of effective communication such as an introduction and conclusion are included. Work is written in Standard Edited English with few, if any, grammatical or mechanical errors Somewhat represents mature, scholarly, graduate-level writing, with APA generally followed. Ideas are not clearly and concisely expressed. Elements of effective communication such as an introduction and conclusion are not included. Work contains more than a few grammatical, or mechanical errors. The quality of writing and/or APA formatting are not acceptable for graduate level work. Major points do not reflect appropriate elements of communication. No effort to express ideas clearly and concisely. Work is not written in Standard Edited English. Contains many grammatical or mechanical errors A: Exemplary Work A = 4.00; A- = 3.75 All of the previous, in addition to the following: B: Graduate Level Work B+ = 3.50; B = 3.00; B- = 2.75 All of the previous, in addition to the following: C: Minimal Work C+ = 2.50; C = 2.00; C- = 1.75 F: Work Submitted but Unacceptable F = 1.00 It is expected that all applications and reflective essays will be submitted according to the assignment due dates indicated. Exceptions may be made  at the discretion of the faculty member if contacted by the student prior to the due date describing extenuating circumstances. Updated: 7-3-2012

Fractal Geometry :: Mathematics Math Geometric Essays

Fractal Geometry In the past, mathematics has been concerned largely with sets and functions to which the methods of classical calculus could be applied. Sets or functions that are not sufficiently smooth or regular have tended to be named as " pathological" and not worthy of study. They were regarded as individual curiosities and only rarely were thought of as a class to which a general theory might be applicable. However, in recent years this attitude has changed. Irregular sets provide a much better representation of many natural phenomena than do the figures of classical geometry. Fractal geometry provides a general framework for the study of such irregular sets. (Falconer) The word ‘fractal’ was coined in 1975 by mathematician Benoit B. Mandelbrot to describe an intricate-looking set of curves, many of which were not yet seen before the creation of the computer. Fractals often exhibit self-similarity, which means that various copies of an object can be found in the original object a t smaller size scales. This continues for many magnifications – like an endless nesting of Russian dolls within dolls. (Pickover) Fractals appear everywhere in nature, in galaxies and landscapes, in earthquakes and geological cracks, in aggregates and colloids, and even in the human body. Fractal geometry is an important tool in the analysis of phenomena, ranging from rhythms in music melodies to the human heartbeat and DNA sequences. Many professions including, mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology use fractal geometry. (Bunde) Waclaw Sierpinski was born on March 14, 1882, in Warsaw, Poland. Sierpinski attended the University of Warsaw in 1899, when all classes were taught in Russian. He graduated in 1904 and went on to teach mathematics and physics at a girl's school in Warsaw. He left teaching in 1905 to get his doctorate at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. After receiving his doctorate in 1908, Sierpinski went on to teach at the University of Lvov. During his years at Lvov, he wrote three books and many research papers. These books were The Theory of Irrational numbers (1910), Outline of Set Theory (1912), and The Theory of Numbers (1912). In 1919, Sierpinski accepted a job as a professor at the University of Warsaw, and this is where Waclaw Sierpinski (The Mactutor) he would spend the rest of his life. Throughout his career, Sierpinski wrote 724 papers and an amazing 50 books. Sierpinski studied many areas of mathematics, including, irrational numbers, set theory, fractal geometry, and theory of numbers.

Just Business Report Essay

Reading the book â€Å"Just Business† by Alexander Hill, it was very interesting to go through the topic of Christian ethics for business. Looking at different scenarios that managers have to confront and it shows how nerve-wracking, heart wrenching and also guilt producing that it could be. The definition of ethics is the study of â€Å"should† and of doing the â€Å"right thing.† The three main characteristics that were presented and emphasized in the Bible: God is holy. God is just. God is love. Hill also talked about integrity, fairness and compassion that mirror holiness, justice and love. I loved how Hill supports his points by having Bible verses. For example he writes the â€Å"salt and light† of the world (Matthew 5:13-16) is the third force for good. I agree with many of the points Hill says such as â€Å"we cannot serve two masters at the same time† (Matthew 6:24) and it specifies that we cannot serve both God and money. They were also ta lking about justice procedural rights that focus on fair processes in decision-making. Substantive rights are what procedural rights seek to protect. Merit links the concepts of cause and effect. Contractual justice is limited to three duties; we must not violate a negative injunction by causing harm to others, we must respect procedural justice and we must fulfill our contractual promises (Hill 46). Love is a universal word and many would consider it to be â€Å"the centerpiece of Christian ethics† (Hill 53). Love includes empathy, mercy and self-sacrifice. Empathizing with others would include by celebrating with their triumphs and shouldering their pain. Mercy is quite hard to do because it takes action on their behalf and takes initiative in forgiving. In my experience, there are times when I do have trouble forgiving people, yet God gave me the strength to forgive the person. This will probably come up more often while taking care of business. He also shows visuals such as the tables and drawings that make it easier to get the gist of what he was talking about. Part Two – False Exits This addresses â€Å"Dual Morality†, â€Å"Law†, and â€Å"Agency† which they are known as false exits â€Å"because they deposit ultimate ethical authority in human instrumentalities – business culture, government and corporate government – rather than in God’s character† (Hill 67). Dual morality â€Å"rejects the notion that universal principles of right and wrong exist† (Hill 69). It also helps me have a visual when he shows examples of CEOs and what kind of decisions they have to make and what would be the ethical thing to do. Law is another false exits, when one presumes that if an action is legal, it is still morally acceptable as well. There are times when there are many people just follow the law and assume that the law is right and the ethical way. There are flaws in the system and Hill shows a diagram in page 98, figure 6.1 illustrates the tension. Acts that are both ethical and legal Ethics —————————————————- Acts that are unethical but legal Law —————————————————- Acts that are both illegal and unethical Agency is the third false exit that talks about the problems that arises when the values of the employee diverge from those of the employer. It was intriguing to learn about the legalistic purist, the accommodating purist. These few chapters opened my eyes to see what kind of false exits that people use in the business world. Now I am aware of what people could use as false exits. Part Three – Topics Honesty and Deception is more common in the business environment but it is quite difficult concepts to apply. Honesty â€Å"builds trust, establishes community and protects the dignity of the audience† (Hill 125), which allows partners to rely on each other and fosters community and respects each one’s dignity. He also talks about deception and how justice condemns deception and it could lead to disaster and consequences. No right to hear the truth, exaggeration, and ambiguity are more deceptions that people use in the business environment. The other topics that were discussed were: Concealment and disclosure; Employer-Employee Relations; Employee Rights; Discrimination and Affirmative Action; the Environment and Property. The topic that stood out to me was the Environment because I have learned about different ethical views such as the anthropocentric view and the biocentric view 1 and 2. Hill also explains what the Role of Business is that even â€Å"scripture makes it clear that our task is to responsibly steward God’s creation in the hear and now† (228) and there are times that one would have to make difficult decisions. These topics have given me a new perspective towards business. Overall, â€Å"Just Business,† by Alexander Hill, was an outstanding book to read especially when one is planning to go into the field of business. It was interesting to see how business runs with the combination of Christian ethics. I would highly recommend for other students to read this especially if they are looking into business. It was a great opportunity to read what it is like to be ethical in the business world, in comparison, to what it is like to be not ethical in the business world. References Hill, Alexander (2008). Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Health Care Utilization Essay

Health care reform is not a recently devised concept. The government and health professionals have studied and tried to establish legislation that would assist the general population with a means of accessing adequate health care for decades. The task has proven itself as a daunting one although studied the world over. Individuals struggle with disease and illness that they cannot afford medical attention and treatment. Insurance companies price gouge or drop individuals from their insurance coverage. Reform has to be implemented to protect the public and provide across the board health care for every situation. Ronald Andersen wrote in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior there is a model of behavior that determines the seeking out of health services (Anderson, 1995). Anderson collaborated with Odin Anderson and wrote The Initial Behavioral Model in 1968 to assist in the analysis of national survey data collected by the Center for Health Administration Studies and the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago (Andersen & Anderson, 1967). The model explains that there are elements that may determine if an individual will access health services. Anderson explained, â€Å"I want to stress that the model was initially designed to explain the use of formal personal health services rather than to focus on the important interactions that take place as people receive care, or on health outcomes†(Andersen, 1968, p. 1). The Initial Behavioral Model (1960s) PREDISPOSING ENABLING USE OF CHARACTERISTICS RESOURCES NEED HEALTH SERVICES Demographic Personal/Family Perceived Social Structure Community  (Evaluated) Health Beliefs (Revisiting The Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does it Matter?, 1995) The president had legislation passed in 2010 to implement the Affordable Care Act. Today, more than 45 million Americans lack access to affordable health insurance. Additionally, many individuals who do have health insurance have incomplete coverage that may include exclusions for pre-existing conditions, or they may be one-step away from losing coverage because of a change in employment. Individuals with health insurance face increasingly high premiums and medical costs that drive some to bankruptcy or force choices between maintaining health insurance coverage and paying for other household essentials (HHS, 2013). These new regulations will provide consumer protections and the developing of a competitive market. Insurance companies will be required to spend a specific percentage on health care and not excessive administrative costs. There have been major changes to the accessibility of insurance coverage for individuals which have been diagnosed with a pre-existing medical condition. Insurance companies will no longer be allowed to deny insurance coverage for individuals, such as children born with life-threatening illnesses. This will also address lifetime limits on medical care. There has been a health insurance exchange in an effort to pool millions of people and allow them to examine various insurance coverage policies to determine the best policy for them and their families. Health and Human Services has implemented a website for the comparison of the insurance coverage options (HHS, 2013). There have been conversations for decades about the implementation of universal health coverage. The World Health Organization defines it as a goal to ensure that people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them. It goes on explaining, access to health services enables people to be more productive and active contributors to their families and communities†¦.financial risk protection prevents people from being pushed into poverty when they have to pay for health services out of their own pockets (WHO, 2012). There is a definite similarity with the concepts of universal health care and the Affordable  Care Act now in place in this country. Attempts are being made to ensure that all citizens can access health care and increase their wellbeing in the process. The expansion of Medicaid will benefit multiple low-income citizens who, through no fault of their own, are working at a minimum wage job. They are barely earning too much money to be eligible for assistance and are not making enough of a salary to afford health insurance coverage. It turns into a viscous cycle. The individual has to decide whether it is better to quit work and get assistance for medical care or to continue struggling and still not make the grade. There have been no major issues personally with the implementation of the health care expansion. The insurances that I carry are both the Medicare and Medicaid. Medicaid has changed in that they are requiring that there is a primary care physician (PCP) established to oversee medical services provided. The initial visit would be to the PCP where any examination and testing would be performed for the determination of the necessity of a referral. The PCP’s office would organize all medical records and coordinate with the specialist’s staff to establish a consultation. I consider myself an extremely fortunate individual because I have been able to have multiple medical issues addressed and corrected because of the medical coverage. The Medicare coverage is not as restrictive as Medicaid. Medicare allows the individual to access any physician or facility that the patient desires for treatment as long as their insurance is accepted. There has not been any specific positive or negative effect with this coverage. Medicare has provided successfully for preventive measures in my health services such as yearly mammograms, colonoscopy testing every two years (if deemed necessary through findings during prior examination), and comprehensive yearly physical examinations. Unfortunately, there is minimal dental coverage and no eye examinations available. There has been major skepticism with the Affordable Care Act being voted on and implemented in the governmental realm. It is exhibiting a number of positive actions implemented with the creation of this act. It is time that this country gives thought to the individuals which are suffering because of no fault of their own other than being on the lower end of the income scale. Also citizens are pleased with the inclusion of the poor souls battling daily with an affliction that requires more attention and treatment than they could ever afford. It is in this new light that people are viewing the creation of the Affordable Care Act and see that this should prove to be beneficial to every citizen within the national borders. Reference Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting The Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does it Matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 1-10, retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137284 Andersen, R.M., Anderson, O.W. (1967), A Decade of Health Services, retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1815595 Health and Human Services (2013), Strengthen Health Care, retrieved from: http://www.hhs.gov/secretary/about/goal1.html World Health Organization (2012), What is Universal Health Coverage, retrieved from: http://www.who.int/features/qa/universal_health_coverage/en/index.html

buy custom Lee Harvey Oswald essay

buy custom Lee Harvey Oswald essay President John F. Kennedy was killed in Dallas 46 years ago on November 22, 1963 by assassins' bullets. Whenever that awful day comes to memory, Friday, November 22, 1963 for millions of Americans, that was the very first time we had come across the murder of a president. When the smoke cleared a bit finally, and the people saw a bruised, gaunt Oswald in custody, many doubted whether a lone gunman who had fired an old, bolt-action rifle could have been responsible (Fagin, Stephen 18-23). As the Americans tried to digest this while mourning for their fallen president, Jackie, his beautiful wife, and their small children, other appalling events were yet to unfold. There are several reasons to make us believe that only Lee Harvey Os was involved in President Kennedys murder. The Warren commission findings of 1964 came with a conclusion that Oswald acted alone and wasnt part of any conspiracy whether domestic or foreign. There is reliable evidence that the shooting in the assassination of Kennedy was done from a window on sixth floor of the Texas school of Book Depository Building, where Lee Harvey Oswalds rifle was discovered (Piereson, James 45-46). Several eye witness accounts claimed to have seen discharge of smoke from a gun out of a window on the 6th floor of the School brook Depository Building. Evidence that is reliable also shows that no more than three shots were fired at President Kennedys limousine, one of which hit Kennedys head, Another, passed through Kennedys neck and then through the wrist and chest of Governor Connelly, and another missed (Piereson, 45-52). Oswald possessed the correct firearm type(Rodman, Peter 72). According to Warren commission Exhibit 399, a 6.5 mm Mannlicher - carcano bullet, was discoverd on a stretcher in parkland Hospital. The warren Commission confirmed that the said bullet had passed through the bodies of Connelly and Kennedy, shattering Connellys wrist and ribs. Found in the Texas school Depository was a bolt action 6.5 caliber Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, which had a telescopic sight. It was found out that Lee Harvey Oswald was the owner, having ordered by mail order the second war Italian rifle (Rodman 72). FBI tests confirmed that a Mannlicher-Carcano rifle could actually load and re shoot within 2, 3 seconds. The warren commission came to a conclusion that there were possibly three shots and that it was the two hits, not the three shots that came within 5.6 seconds of each other (Rodman 72). The missed shot could have come last, or first, though it most probably came first, meaning that the gunma had more than eight seconds to do the shooting, and more than five seconds which was ample time between the two hits. Even with the miss coming between the two hits, there would still have been 2.8 seconds enough to fire and re-fire- enough time even for an amateur like Oswald used to handling gun. The activation of neuron, ballistics, analysis findings this claim that the supposedly defective riffle had fired the bullet that deposited lead in the wrist of Connelly and also the one that hit Kennedy in the skull. That weapon must have been used by someone very effectively(Baird Shuman 23). Oswald scope together with his training was sufficient enough to carry out the said assassination with no much difficulty. However, critics say of the riffle as one of the worst military weapons in the world. The case for multiple assassins usually consists of three main lines of argument: 1) That there wasnt enough time for one gunman to have done all what Oswald is said to have done. 2) Compelling ear and eye witnesses together with photographic testimony puts a second gunman on this fabled grassy knoll; 3) The evidence found through Kennedys wounds and his bodys reaction to the shots establishes that there was more than one assassin. A lot of the evidence of the multiple shooters conspirators is thoroughly misinterpreted. Considering the issue of timing, there were possibly three shots and that the two hits, not the three shots, came within 5.6 seconds of each other. The missed shot could have come last, or first, though it most probably came first. This means that the gunman had more than eight seconds to do the shooting, and more than five seconds which was ample time between the two hits (Baird 54). However, critics dispute that the scope of Oswald was misaligned to a point that it would haven created a small roomfor mistakes even for a world class sniper of which Oswald wasnt. Were there really shots from the said grassy knoll by another assassin? Allegedly, compelling ear and eye witnesses and the photographic testimony puts another gunman on the fabled grassy knoll. However, the most important ear and eye witnesses Abraham Zapruder together with his secretary were on that knoll, on a three-foot high concrete pedestal overlooking the said scene and directly the whole area behind(U.S. News 56). There is no possible way these two could not have heard the gun shots or seen the two alleged assassins to their right front half way down the third-base line, firing two explosive shots(U.S. News 56). The evidence on the wounds of Kennedy and the reaction on his body to the shoots establishes there being more than one assassin. The original autopsy notes had been destroyed because they had been covered in bodily fluids, but were copied before being destroyed. There are several reports claiming that the body of John F. Kennedy was altered; this is completely not accurate. There are also rumors that claim the doctors that performed his autopsy were not conversant with a gunshot wound which is also not true. Several eye witnesses had seen Lee Harvey Oswald escaping from the Schoolbook Depository Building which is where according to reports; the shots that had killed John F. Kennedy were projected to have come from(Carter, Richard 6). A paper that had been used as a gun carrier was later found near the murder window on the sixth floor, and Oswalds finger prints were found on it. The killer rifle, which fired the bullets and shells were later found on the sixth floor. Oswalds palm and finger prints were found also on the brown bag and the card boxes that are used as a gun prop. Also, the two eye witnesses who had seen the gunman in the window had identified Oswald as the gunman. Oswald had left the building soon after the shooting; he had retrieved a jacket that was light colored and a pistol from his room around 45 minutes after the shooting(Carter 6). In another incident Lee Harvey Oswald was seen shooting J.D. Tippit, a Dallas policeman, in this case in there were twelve eyewitnesses wh o had seen the act(Carter 6). The warren Commission findings of 1964 showed that Oswald had acted alone and wasnt part of any conspiracy was discredited officially by the 1976 House select committee on assassinations, which came with a conclusion in 1979 that there had been a conspiracy in all probability(Rubinstein, William 76). The report of WC has been said to be lacking in time and resources used in their investigations. This has led to the case being relinquished to the higher authorities, the FBI .The moment the WC handed over their rights to FBI the immediate reaction by the public was a dissatisfactory one and a sense of an inconclusive investigation had to be held. To conclude, Oswald; 1) worked in Schoolbook Depository Building which was the only source of shots; 2) owned the one and the only gun used to carry out the assassination; 3) brought the rifle with him the very morning of murder; 4) was at the murder window at the time JKF was shot; 5) left the murder scene soon after the shooting; 6) shot an officer and then forcibly resisted arrest; 7) lied about important matters of fact when being interrogated. a Buy custom Lee Harvey Oswald essay

Evidence that Support Brushing your Teeth in the Morning essay

Evidence that Support Brushing your Teeth in the Morning essay Evidence that Support Brushing your Teeth in the Morning essay Evidence that Support Brushing your Teeth in the Morning essayFrom the early childhood people know how important it is to take care of their teeth. On the one hand, healthy teeth are a pledge for a beautiful smile. On the other hand, brushing your teeth makes your breath fresh and does not alienate people from you. Bacteria develop in a sticky film called plaque; they release acids that can damage or even destroy tooth enamel and result in painful cavities. If the plaque with bacteria is not removed in time, it can then turn into tartar, also leading to various teeth and gum diseases. â€Å"Effective brushing and flossing unbind bacteria-laden plaque from the surface of teeth,† Schupak (2012) explains.As the main reason to brush your teeth is to get rid of food remains and prevent bacteria from reproduction, many people prefer to clean their teeth before going to sleep. They consider that in this way they cope with food and plaque that accumulate in the mouth during the day, a nd thus one time is enough to keep their teeth from danger.It goes without saying that cleaning your teeth at night is really important. However, brushing your teeth in the morning is significant as well, and here is the evidence.First of all, while you have a rest during the night, your body goes on working. Sometimes there may be specific problems with digestion that cause inflammation and result in unpleasant breath in the morning. It is rather hard to find out whether you have bad breath without asking someone else, therefore, if you care about your reputation, you’d better not leave home without brushing your teeth.In fact, many people stress that they do brush their teeth before going out, but they usually do it after having breakfast. Such a habit seems to be quite sound because in this way you take care of your teeth immediately after eating and keep your breath fresh until the next meal. However, brushing your teeth immediately after breakfast is a double-edged weapo n.Some of the products you eat contain acids that weaken tooth enamel. If you brush your teeth immediately after acidic drinks or food, toothpaste will add distress to your tooth enamel (Carr, 2013). In the meantime, brushing your teeth before the meal will be more effective because toothpaste is specially worked out to create a long-lasting protective coating for your teeth. Subsequent bacterial infection is prevented by antibiotic agents, which keep the toothpaste away from spoiling and provide additional effect for your health.What is more, in today fast-moving world many people have to eat out for breakfast, so they have no opportunity to brush their teeth after the meal. Therefore, protecting their teeth beforehand is the best way out to keep healthy and fresh. Herein, if you still do not like the idea to clean your teeth before the meal with acids, wait for 30 minutes and enjoy the procedure (Gordon, 2013).All in all, brushing your teeth in the morning is an extremely useful h abit. It is effective from both hygienic and aesthetic reasons. It is important to note that brushing your teeth in the morning does not mean you shouldn’t do it in the evening. On the contrary, if you clean your teeth twice a day, in the morning as well as in the evening, it will make the need to visit your dentist twice smaller.

Listening to Podcasts in German

Listening to Podcasts in German We discovered Annik Rubens and her five-minute Schlaflos in Mà ¼nchen podcasts first, and then it was about an hour with a Swiss-German dee-jay at jradio.ch in Zurich. (Cool to hear Schwytzerdytsch, the musics cool, but in English.) The variety of topics and sheer numbers of podcasts in German is amazing for such a relatively new phenomenon! People all around the world- including Austria, Germany, and Switzerland- are producing their own mini-radio shows on topics from art culture to porn, from daily life to rock, or world news politics. There are podcasts in German dialects and even kidspods for young listeners (Hà ¶rkultur fà ¼r Kinder). Youll find pro versions and podcasts by just plain folks. PodcastenaufDeutsch What is podcasting? Heres a definition in German: Der Begriff Podcasting meint das automatische Herunterladen von Audio-Dateien aus dem Internet. Meistens handelt es sich dabei um private Radio-Shows, die sich einem bestimmten Thema widmen. - podster.de (See the English explanation in the next paragraph.) Audio on the web is nothing new. However, das Podcasten is a new way of approaching online audio (and video). It really seems to be a good thing for language-learners. The term podcast is a play on words that mixes broadcast and iPod to come up with podcast. A podcast is a lot like a radio broadcast, but with some crucial differences. First of all, a podcaster doesnt need a real radio station. Anyone with basic recording and computer skills can produce a podcast. Second, unlike radio, you can listen to a podcast at any time and in any place. You can click on a podcast and listen to it immediately (just like streaming audio), or you can save it to your computer (and/or iPod) for later. Some podcasts require a free subscription and/or special podcast software (i.e., iTunes, iPodder, Podcatcher, etc.), but most podcasts can be heard using a normal Web browser set up for MP3 audio. The advantage of subscribing is that youll get your chosen podcast on a regular basis, just like a newsletter.  A lot of the podcasting software and services are free. You dont have to pay for anything unless you want to. The free iTunes software from Apple (for Mac or Windows) has support for podcasts and is perhaps the easiest way to subscribe to podcasts in German or other languages. How to Find German Podcasts The best way is to use iTunes or some other podcast directory. Podcast.net lists over 20 podcasts in German. Thats where I found Annik and Schlaflos in Mà ¼nchen, but shes also listed in iTunes and other directories. (Some podcasts listed under Deutsch may actually be in English, because its up to the podcaster to select the category.) Of course, there are also German podcast directories, including das deutsche Podcasting Portal - German podcasts. The iPodder.org site has a page for podster.de, but you need to download the free Juicer client (Mac, Win, Linux) to use it. You can also use Google.de or other search engines to find podcasts in German. Some Selected Podcast Sites in German Most podcasters have a Web site related to their podcasts, often with a forum for feedback and comments. Most will let you stream their MP3 podcasts, but if you want to subscribe, try one of the podcast clients such as iPodder. Annik Rubens: Schlaflos in Mà ¼nchen 3-5 minute daily podcasts1st Intergalactic Podcast Ralfs tgliche handvoll Minà ¼tchen à ¼ber einfach allesAudibleBlog.de Topics: Large variety (business, Kinder, usw.) DIE ZEIT and audio highlights (3-12 min.) from audible.deGnak Podcast Verschiedenes von Nicole Simone in Là ¼beck

Amusement Park Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amusement Park Promotion - Essay Example You know what you are doing, but nobody else does† (as cited in Huddle, 2011, p.2). In this respect, the work of marketing department plays one of the most important roles in the future performance of any company, influencing on its profitability and prosperity. To satisfy the requirements of leadership, concerning season ticket holders of amusement park, it is imperative to implement the most effective instruments of promotion policy that is directed to give customers full information about services and persuade potential consumers to purchase them. Therefore the main goal of promotion is to raise demand for park’s services and convert occasional visitors to constant clients. Analyzing effectiveness and costs of all types of promotion, it is recommended to use advertising and sales promotion methods. First of all, it is important to influence on customers’ decision to choose amusement park with a help of flexible policy of discounts. It may be useful to reduce th e price of season ticket such way that buying occasional ticket will be less economic for visitors.

Phonological aspect of English teaching and learning Research Proposal

Phonological aspect of English teaching and learning - Research Proposal Example In teaching process much depends on a teacher of foreign language and what English is taught and spoken by the teacher. Nowadays, interest rises in the sphere of phonology and phonetics, as growing number of English speakers of outside the cycle and expanding cycle globally leads to modification of original English under the influence of globalization. It is necessary to analyze this issue on the Arabic learners of English language. (Abd-Elbasseer, Barakat, 2007) The matters of mother tongue influence and its avoiding while learning English of what and how to teach are one of the most discussed ones, both from the students’ and the teachers’ sides. English learning is a wide field of research, especially because of there are several variants of English, and each is considered to be right by its speakers. English teaching methodology has proved the fact of mother tongue influence on English learning statement. (Kavaliauskiene, G., 2009). Mother tongue influences foreign language as the learner tends to compare what to teach to the mother tongue, and all the information received is analyzed and digested from the point of view of differences between these two languages. When pronouncing the sounds of English, vowels and consonants of the mother tongue make the basis for the sounds studied which is incorrect and needs remediation in the process of studying. (Kavaliauskiene, 2009).

Public Administration- Program Development Coursework

Public Administration- Program Development - Coursework Example purpose of the introduction of the Department of Human Resources in the company is to ensure that there is workforce diversity across all departments as the purpose of the department is always to ensure that all the matters regarding the employees as a company’s assets are taken care of. In this project that the introduction of the department is proposed, it is very important to ensure that the success or the level to which the initiative is effective is examined or evaluated. In this chapter, we are going to analyze the changes that are apparent in the introduction following the introduction of the department. This is going to be done by having the trend analysis of the average level of workforce diversity within the organization. This table shows an hypothetical trend analysis of the average level of workforce diversity for the company before and after the introduction or implementation of the department of human resources. In this hypothetical example, we find that the trend in the data shows that the workforce diversity ‘s level with the organization saw an increase from slightly to moderately during the two different periods of transition on average. However, the post data shows that the introduction of the Department of Human Resources greatly accelerated the rate of the increase to which the organization was becoming more diversity racially or ethnically. On top of reviewing the overall workforce diversity level for the organization, trend analysis can be done for individual departments. This analysis will help in examining the level or extend to which the individual departments have succeeded in hiring more qualified minority candidates and also the level to which they have been in rise in the overall workforce diversity level within their structures. In addition, the comparative trend analysis can be done to examine the performance across the departments. This can always be done both at micro and macro levels. The departments that have been chosen

How to use marketing mix buile Chiang Rai province as a destination Assignment

How to use marketing mix buile Chiang Rai province as a destination during winter season - Assignment Example 116,664 + 18.90 119,450 + 2.39 YEMEN 3,469 - 2.88 2,993 - 13.72 MIDDLE EAST 282,879 + 6.62 298,076 + 5.37 Source- (Ambhanwong 2010) International Tourist Arrival in Thailand in 2009 -14,149,841 International Tourist from Middle East alone 298,076 (5.37%) Source - (Ambhanwong 2010) Marketing Mix According to Kotler et al (2006), marketing mix connotes the elements that a business owner or a manager can manage to influence the consumers in decision- making on the tourist visit to Chiang Rai province, especially in winter. As per Shoemaker, Lewis and Yesawich (2007), Professor Neil Borden of Harvard can be said as the father of the concept namely â€Å"marketing mix.† Borden developed the â€Å"four Ps† principles namely â€Å"product, place (distribution), price and promotion. (Kotler et al, 2006) The term product connotes to features like the business range of services or products, the novelty of those services or products, their distinctiveness from the products of the ir rivals, or their excellence to the competitors’ services or products with reference to quality. Price connotes to the services / or product’s prices enumerated in the price list or any incentive offered for the promotions of such services or products, and if there is any price incentive available for the peak season or offseason period. Place connotes to the delivery of the services or products gauged by the elements like availability, distribution and convenience. The term promotion connotes to informative sales campaign like displays, features and discount, detailing and advertising. McCarthy is of the view that marketing of tourism industry is different from that of marketing of products and thus, needs a varied approach to the marketing mix – that is – the concept of the marketing mix to... This essay discusses that Chiang Rai has large potential to offer medical tourism, adventure tourism and golf tourism to the foreign tourist at the affordable cost with the world-class luxury. In the last decade, tourism industry is one of the major revenue earners for the Thailand economy, and tourism accounted about 7% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has launched various programs to promote the tourist industry both domestic and inbound one with attractive slogans like â€Å" Unseen Thailand â€Å", & â€Å" Amazing Thailand.† The revenues generated through tourism industry are mainly meant for income distribution to various regions of Thailand and for economic growth, including Chiang Rai province. According to TAT, about 14,584,226 international tourists arrived in Thailand in 2008 14,149,841 international tourists arrived in Thailand in 2009 alone. Goeldner & Ritchie , in their empirical research study ,have found that respondent s in a survey who visited Baan Phangam province in Thailand gave the highest mean positive feedback (3.99) on the service/product aspects for adventure tourism. This is trailed by place (3.43), and then, the price and then promotion. Further, the tourists also gave more weight to natural beauty of the surrounding or scenic beauty, daring adventure movements and a mixture of adventure activities. As regards to tourist’s demeanours , positive feedback given by colleagues / friends who visited Thailand already scored high mean score of 56% for a tourist to decide as Thailand as their favourite tourist destination.

Financial Management Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial Management Degree - Case Study Example As the acquirer buys another company and pays cash to the target's shareholders, the bidding shareholders would be able to retain the same level of control in the company because their equity proportion is not diluted. To some shareholders, retaining the level of control over the whole entity after the target company has been acquired is one of the major considerations (McDougall & Chenhall). Another advantage of cash purchase to the bidding shareholders is that is is simple and straightforward. A cash offer would be more likely attractive to the target's shareholders especially when economic times are not so predictable, therefore the acquisition deal would prove to have higher success. A major disadvantage to the acquirer would be the huge sum of cash that it has to raise in order to fulfil the deal. While it is less likely for a company to raise such a huge amount of cash from its retained earnings, it is necessary for the company to raise it through other means, such as by incurring debt. The dilution of the capital structure of the company through higher debt, which affects its risk and credit rating, is a major disadvantage. If the company already has a high amount of debt, the acquirer's shareholders would find that the huge amount of debt to raise cash and pay for the acquisition would erode the company's credit rating, and would increase the risk of each share that they hold. From the point of view of the target's ... B. Shares exchange Another form of merger financing is shares exchange. Instead of paying cash, the acquiring company can issue more shares for the target's shareholders in exchange for the shares that they hold in the target company. From the point of view of the acquirer's shareholders, shares exchange is beneficial in such that the company would not have to be burdened to raise a huge amount of cash through other financing means such as debt, which could put pressure and increased risk on each of the shares they hold. The company's liquidity position would not be compromised in the process (McDougall & Chenhall). Shares exchange have been so attractive during the past decades because of its impact on the acquirer's price/earning ratio. If the target has a low p/e ratio, the acquirer can take advantage of it by issuing one share equivalent to more than one share of the target's. This can have a significant impact on the acquirer's own p/e ratio. However, one major disadvantage of shares exchange to the acquirer's shareholders is the dilution of equity due to the issue of more shares, which leads to the dilution of position and lower level of control over the company. With shares exchange, the target's shareholders will not incur capital gains tax because no immediate sale of shares has taken place. If the target's shareholders sell their new shares in the acquiring company, that is when they pay the capital gains tax. This is one of the advantages. Another advantage is that the target's shareholders will be able to maintain a position in the new combined entity. One disadvantage to the target's shareholders would be that, if the acquiring company fails to generate

Canada and China cooperation in Science and Technology Thesis

Canada and China cooperation in Science and Technology - Thesis Example the free trade policies and agreements in NAFTA, SAFTA, ASEAN etc. Apart from the common summit, various countries also have been indulging themselves in treaties which are more individualistic in nature, helping both the participants. China and Canada are good example of such nations. There have been various agreements and various treaties signed by the two nations which have helped them to grow economically as well as culturally. There has been a huge difference in the cultures of the two nations. Despite of this, they have sidelined the cultural barriers and created an era of utmost friendship and fostered mutual understanding and economic growth. The major agreements between the two countries are in the field of agriculture and science and technology. Funding organizations like MOST in China and ISTP in Canada have been set up to fund various research projects in universities/colleges, companies and association to augment the growth of research and technology based partnership. A lso with the help of CIDA's Agricultural Program, the agricultural productivity of China has touched new heights. In the course of this paper, we will study the cultures, demographic details, science and technology and the economies of the two nations and then the growth achieved by them with the help of their treaties in agriculture and science and technology. Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in China,constitute about 91.9... Languages There are seven major Chinese dialects and many subdialects. Mandarin (or Putonghua), the predominant dialect, is spoken by over 70% of the population. Mandarin is taught in all schools and is the medium of government. About two-thirds of the Han ethnic groups are native speakers of Mandarin; the rest, concentrated in southwest and southeast China, speak one of the six other major Chinese dialects. Non-Chinese languages spoken widely by ethnic minorities include Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur and other Turkic languages (in Xinjiang), and Korean (in the northeast). The Pinyin System of Romanization In 1979, the Government of China adopted the pinyin system for spelling Chinese names and places in Roman letters. Pinyin has now replaced other conventional spellings in China's English-language publications. The U.S. Government also has adopted the pinyin system for all names and places in China. For example, the capital of China is now spelled "Beijing" rather than "Peking." Religion Religion plays an important role in the life of many Chinese. Buddhism is the religion that is most widely practiced, with an estimated 100 million adherents. Traditional Taoism also is practiced. Official figures indicate there are 20 million Muslims, 5 million Catholics, and 15 million Protestants; unofficial estimates are much higher. While the Chinese constitution affirms religious toleration, the Chinese Government places restrictions on religious practice outside officially recognized organizations. Only two Christian organizations--a Catholic church without official ties to Rome and the "Three-Self-Patriotic" Protestant church--are sanctioned by the Chinese Government. Unauthorized churches have sprung up in many

Financial Management Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial Management Degree - Case Study Example As the acquirer buys another company and pays cash to the target's shareholders, the bidding shareholders would be able to retain the same level of control in the company because their equity proportion is not diluted. To some shareholders, retaining the level of control over the whole entity after the target company has been acquired is one of the major considerations (McDougall & Chenhall). Another advantage of cash purchase to the bidding shareholders is that is is simple and straightforward. A cash offer would be more likely attractive to the target's shareholders especially when economic times are not so predictable, therefore the acquisition deal would prove to have higher success. A major disadvantage to the acquirer would be the huge sum of cash that it has to raise in order to fulfil the deal. While it is less likely for a company to raise such a huge amount of cash from its retained earnings, it is necessary for the company to raise it through other means, such as by incurring debt. The dilution of the capital structure of the company through higher debt, which affects its risk and credit rating, is a major disadvantage. If the company already has a high amount of debt, the acquirer's shareholders would find that the huge amount of debt to raise cash and pay for the acquisition would erode the company's credit rating, and would increase the risk of each share that they hold. From the point of view of the target's ... B. Shares exchange Another form of merger financing is shares exchange. Instead of paying cash, the acquiring company can issue more shares for the target's shareholders in exchange for the shares that they hold in the target company. From the point of view of the acquirer's shareholders, shares exchange is beneficial in such that the company would not have to be burdened to raise a huge amount of cash through other financing means such as debt, which could put pressure and increased risk on each of the shares they hold. The company's liquidity position would not be compromised in the process (McDougall & Chenhall). Shares exchange have been so attractive during the past decades because of its impact on the acquirer's price/earning ratio. If the target has a low p/e ratio, the acquirer can take advantage of it by issuing one share equivalent to more than one share of the target's. This can have a significant impact on the acquirer's own p/e ratio. However, one major disadvantage of shares exchange to the acquirer's shareholders is the dilution of equity due to the issue of more shares, which leads to the dilution of position and lower level of control over the company. With shares exchange, the target's shareholders will not incur capital gains tax because no immediate sale of shares has taken place. If the target's shareholders sell their new shares in the acquiring company, that is when they pay the capital gains tax. This is one of the advantages. Another advantage is that the target's shareholders will be able to maintain a position in the new combined entity. One disadvantage to the target's shareholders would be that, if the acquiring company fails to generate

Optimal Bidding Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Optimal Bidding Strategies - Essay Example Game theoretical issues in bidding often form the basis of well defined mathematical models used by bidders in arriving at optimal bidding strategies. Bidders often have varying preferences and capabilities, and thus, one bidder’s strategy may directly impact on another bidder’s strategy, although on the basis of private and independent valuations to the bid. The overall market efficiency may also be influential to the impact and effectiveness of optimization strategies that bidders put in place (Eckbo, 2010, P.55-78). First Price Sealed Bid Sealed bids are often rendered as the seller’s monopoly since information regarding the winning bids and their valuations are open to the seller and hidden to buyers as opposed to open forms where information is available to all participants. First price sealed bid auction is basically a bid where each participating bidder submits a sealed bid hidden from other bidding participants to the auctioneer. The first price sealed bi d is rather referred as a one shot game since bidders winning chances relies on their one time decision and valuation after which the bid manager opens the bids and determines the highest bid as the winning bid. Bidders with the winning market clearing bids must then pay the amounts they set forward as a one shot bid (McGuigan, Moyer, & Harris, 2011, p.594). The first-price sealed bid auction optimal bidding strategy basically lies on submitting bids below one’s private valuation to maximize surplus. Maximization of a bidders expected surplus is dictated by lower a bid that increases surplus potential although on the other hand it reduces probability a bid becoming successful. More so, the probability of a bid becoming successful increases with valuation increase but decreases with an increase in the number of bidders with regards to their strategies and valuations. The basic optimal strategy for the first-price sealed bid auction is for a bidder to bid below the real valuati on in order to make a profit. In case the bidder bids above or equal to the bid valuation, the payment may exceed or equal the bid valuation in case of a win bid, and thus, no optimization is achieved (Sheble. 1999. P.44-151). There are no interactions among bidders in the first price sealed bid auction, since bids are only submitted by participants once. Participants trade between winning more frequently and maximizing profits, and low bidding with regards to the Nash equilibrium. Optimal bidding strategies under independent and uniformly distributed private valuations among bidders calls for a slight overestimation strategy of the winning bid, considering the fact a bidder has the chance of winning when he or she has the highest estimate irrespective of correct bidding based on averages (Kagel & Levin, 2002, p.2). Assumption that all participating bidders are risk-neutral renders the optimal bidding strategies in the first price sealed bid auction as a bidder that emerges the high est bidder among all bidders bidding the highest expected value (Sheble, 1999, p.70). The optimal difference between the value that a bidder opts to bid below private valuation and the actual value basically depends on beliefs of the bidder with regards to rival bidder valuation and strategies. This strikes situational

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay A voltmeter finds its importance wherever voltage is to be measured. A  voltmeter  is an instrument used for measuring the  electrical potential  difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few per cent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts. Digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of analog to digital converter. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using  amplifiers  can measure tiny voltages of micro-volts or less. Digital voltmeters (DVMs) are usually designed around a special type of  analog-to-digital converter  called an  integrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature and supply voltage variations. To ensure that a digital voltmeters reading is within the manufacturers specified tolerances, they should be periodically calibrated. Digital voltmeters necessarily have input amplifiers, and, like vacuum tube voltmeters, generally have a constant input resistance of 10 mega-ohms regardless of set measurement range. This project aims at building a Digital Voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. All the data accessed and processed by the microcontroller is the digital data. And thus, the usage of an analog-to-digital converter finds its necessity here. A standard analog-to-digital converter ADC0804 is used in the current project. The input voltage (which is the analog input) is restricted to be in the range of 0-15V. The processed data in the 8051 is used to drive a display output on a LCD display unit. The display is in the form of digits and is accurate to a value of one decimal. The input voltage is desired to be that of a DC voltage for steady observations of the voltage value on the LCD panel. Rather, if an AC input voltage is given at the input terminals, the output varies indefinitely as is the nature of AC voltage. Thus, the instantaneous value of the AC voltage is not steadily shown on the LCD panel. COMPONENTS Following is the entire set of the components used to build the Digital Voltmeter: Microcontroller, AT89S52 Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC0804 161 LCD Oscillator circuit for the microcontroller 12MHz Crystal Capacitor 33pF Capacitors Voltage divider circuit/ Input terminals 200k, 100k Resistors 100nF Capacitor ADC Clock Circuit 10k Resistor 150pF Capacitor 100k Potentiometer (to adjust the back-light of the LCD) Description of the Components used Microcontroller, AT89S52 Æ’Â   The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. Pin configuration of the AT89S52 is as follows: 40-Lead PDIP VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming) Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table. Alternate functions of port 3, P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe) RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DIS-RTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Memory Organisation, Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory. Data Memory: The AT89S51 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. Interrupts: The AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. ADC0804 Æ’Â   The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive approximation A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good common-mode-rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to a low encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution. The functional diagram of the ADC080X series of A/D converters operates on the successive approximation principle. Analog switches are closed sequentially by successive-approximation logic until the analog differential input voltage [VlN(+) VlN(-)] matches a voltage derived from a tapped resistor string across the reference voltage. The most significant bit is tested first and after 8 comparisons (64 clock cycles), an 8- bit binary code (1111 1111 = full scale) is transferred to an output latch. The normal operation proceeds as follows. On the high-to-low transition of the WR input, the internal SAR latches and the shift-register stages are reset, and the INTR output will be set high. As long as the CS input and WR input remain low, the A/D will remain in a reset state. Conversion will start from 1 to 8 clock periods after at least one of these inputs makes a low to high transition. After the requisite number of clock pulses to complete the conversion, the INTR pin will make a high- to-low transition. This can be used to interrupt a processor, or otherwise signal the availability of a new conversion. A RD operation (with CS low) will clear the INTR line high again. The device may be operated in the free-running mode connecting INTR to the WR input with CS = 0. To ensure start-up under all possible conditions, an external WR pulse is required during the first power-up cycle. A conversion in process can be interrupted by issuing a second start command. Digital Operation The converter is started by having CS and WR simultaneously low. This sets the start flip-flop (F/F) and the resulting 1 level resets the 8-bit shift register, resets the Interrupt (INTR) F/F and inputs a 1 to the D flip-flop, DFF1, which is at the input end of the 8-bit shift register. Internal clock signals then transfer this 1 to the Q output of DFF1. The AND gate, G1, combines this 1 output with a clock signal to provide a reset signal to the start F/F. If the set signal is no longer present (either WR or CS is a 1), the start F/F is reset and the 8-bit shift register then can have the 1 clocked in, which starts the conversion process. If the set signal were to still be present, this reset pulse would have no effect (both outputs of the start F/F would be at a 1 level) and the 8-bit shift register would continue to be held in the reset mode. This allows for asynchronous or wide CS and WR signals. After the 1 is clocked through the 8-bit shift register (which completes the SAR ope ration) it appears as the input to DFF2. As soon as this 1 is output from the shift register, the AND gate, G2, causes the new digital word to transfer to the Three-State output latches. When DFF2 is subsequently clocked, the Q output makes a high-to-low transition which causes the INTR F/F to set. An inverting buffer then supplies the INTR output signal. When data is to be read, the combination of both CS and RD being low will cause the INTR F/F to be reset and the three state output latches will be enabled to provide the 8-bit digital outputs. Digital Control Inputs The digital control inputs (CS, RD, and WR) meet standard TTL logic voltage levels. These signals are essentially equivalent to the standard A/D Start and Output Enable control signals, and are active low to allow an easy interface to microprocessor control busses. For non-microprocessor based applications, the CS input (pin 1) can be grounded and the standard A/D Start function obtained by an active low pulse at the WR input (pin 3). The Output Enable function is achieved by an active low pulse at the RD input (pin 2). Analog Operation The analog comparisons are performed by a capacitive charge summing circuit. Three capacitors (with precise ratioed values) share a common node with the input to an autozeroed comparator. The input capacitor is switched between VlN(+) and VlN(-), while two ratioed reference capacitors are switched between taps on the reference voltage divider string. The net charge corresponds to the weighted difference between the input and the current total value set by the successive approximation register. A correction is made to offset the comparison by 1/2 LSB. Analog Differential Voltage Inputs and Common- Mode Rejection This A/D gains considerable applications flexibility from the analog differential voltage input. The VlN(-) input (pin 7) can be used to automatically subtract a fixed voltage value from the input reading (tare correction). This is also useful in 4mA 20mA current loop conversion. In addition, common-mode noise can be reduced by use of the differential input. The time interval between sampling VIN(+) and VlN(-) is 41/2 clock periods. There is maximum error voltage due to this slight time difference between the input voltage samples. The allowed range of analog input voltage usually places more severe restrictions on input common-mode voltage levels than this. An analog input voltage with a reduced span and a relatively large zero offset can be easily handled by making use of the differential input. Analog Input Current The internal switching action causes displacement currents to flow at the analog inputs. The voltage on the on-chip capacitance to ground is switched through the analog differential input voltage, resulting in proportional currents entering the VIN(+) input and leaving the VIN(-) input. These current transients occur at the leading edge of the internal clocks. They rapidly decay and do not inherently cause errors as the on-chip comparator is strobed at the end of the clock period. Input Bypass Capacitors Bypass capacitors at the inputs will average these charges and cause a DC current to flow through the output resistances of the analog signal sources. This charge pumping action is worse for continuous conversions with the VIN(+) input voltage at full scale. For a 640kHz clock frequency with the VIN(+) input at 5V, this DC current is at a maximum of approximately 5uA. Therefore, bypass capacitors should not be used at the analog inputs or the VREF/2 pin for high resistance sources (>1kOhm.) If input bypass capacitors are necessary for noise filtering and high source resistance is desirable to minimize capacitor size, the effects of the voltage drop across this input resistance, due to the average value of the input current, can be compensated by a full scale adjustment while the given source resistor and input bypass capacitor are both in place. This is possible because the average value of the input current is a precise linear function of the differential input voltage at a constant conversion rate. Input Source Resistance Large values of source resistance where an input bypass capacitor is not used will not cause errors since the input currents settle out prior to the comparison time. If a low-pass filter is required in the system, use a low-value series resistor for a passive RC section or add an op amp RC active low-pass filter. For low-source-resistance applications, a 0.1uF bypass capacitor at the inputs will minimize EMI due to the series lead inductance of a long wire. A 100Ohm series resistor can be used to isolate this capacitor (both the R and C are placed outside the feedback loop) from the output of an op amp, if used. Stray Pickup The leads to the analog inputs (pins 6 and 7) should be kept as short as possible to minimize stray signal pickup (EMI). Both EMI and undesired digital-clock coupling to these inputs can cause system errors. The source resistance for these inputs should, in general, be kept below 5kÃŽÂ ©. Larger values of source resistance can cause undesired signal pickup. Input bypass capacitors, placed from the analog inputs to ground, will eliminate this pickup but can create analog scale errors as these capacitors will average the transient input switching currents of the A/D (see Analog Input Current). This scale error depends on both a large source resistance and the use of an input bypass capacitor. This error can be compensated by a full scale adjustment of the A/D (see Full Scale Adjustment) with the source resistance and input bypass capacitor in place, and the desired conversion rate. Reference Voltage Span Adjust For maximum application flexibility, these A/Ds have been designed to accommodate a 5V, 2.5V or an adjusted voltage reference. This has been achieved in the design of the IC. Notice that the reference voltage for the IC is either 1/2 of the voltage which is applied to the V+ supply pin, or is equal to the voltage which is externally forced at the VREF/2 pin. This allows for a pseudo-ratiometric voltage reference using, for the V+ supply, a 5V reference voltage. Alternatively, a voltage less than 2.5V can be applied to the VREF/2 input. The internal gain to the VREF/2 input is 2 to allow this factor of 2 reduction in the reference voltage. Zero Error The zero of the A/D does not require adjustment. If the minimum analog input voltage value, VlN(MlN), is not ground, a zero offset can be done. The converter can be made to output 0000 0000 digital code for this minimum input voltage by biasing the A/D VIN(-) input at this VlN(MlN) value. This utilizes the differential mode operation of the A/D. The zero error of the A/D converter relates to the location of the first riser of the transfer function and can be measured by grounding the VIN(-) input and applying a small magnitude positive voltage to the VIN(+) input. Zero error is the difference between the actual DC input voltage which is necessary to just cause an output digital code transition from 0000 0000 to 0000 0001 and the ideal 1/2 LSB value (1/2 LSB = 9.8mV for VREF/2 = 2.500V). Full Scale Adjust The full scale adjustment can be made by applying a differential input voltage which is 11/2 LSB down from the desired analog full scale voltage range and then adjusting the magnitude of the VREF/2 input (pin 9) for a digital output code which is just changing from 1111 1110 to 1111 1111. When offsetting the zero and using a span-adjusted VREF/2 voltage, the full scale adjustment is made by inputting VMlN to the VIN(-) input of the A/D and applying a voltage to the VIN(+) input. Clocking Option The clock for the A/D can be derived from an external source such as the CPU clock or an external RC network can be added to provide self-clocking. The CLK IN (pin 4) makes use of a Schmitt trigger. Heavy capacitive or DC loading of the CLK R pin should be avoided as this will disturb normal converter operation. Loads less than 50pF, such as driving up to 7 A/D converter clock inputs from a single CLK R pin of 1 converter, are allowed. For larger clock line loading, a CMOS or low power TTL buffer or PNP input logic should be used to minimize the loading on the CLK R pin (do not use a standard TTL buffer). Restart During a Conversion If the A/D is restarted (CS and WR go low and return high) during a conversion, the converter is reset and a new conversion is started. The output data latch is not updated if the conversion in progress is not completed. The data from the previous conversion remain in this latch. Continuous Conversions In this application, the CS input is grounded and the WR input is tied to the INTR output. This WR and INTR node should be momentarily forced to logic low following a power-up cycle to insure circuit operation. Interfacing the Microcontroller Interfacing the ADC0804 with 8051 Æ’Â   As shown in the typica circuit, ADC0804 can be interfaced with any microcontroller. A minimum of 11 pins are required to interface the ADC0804, eight for data pins and 3 for control pins. As shown in the typical circuit the chip select pin can be made low if you are not using the microcontroller port for any other  peripheral  (multiplexing). There is a  universal  rule to find out how to use an IC. All we need is the datasheet of the IC we are working with and a look at the  timing diagram  of the IC which shows how to send the data, which signal to assert and at what time  the signal  should be made high or low, etc. Timing Diagrams, Pin Description 1.  Ã‚  CS, Chip Select: This is an active low pin and used to activate the ADC0804. 2.  Ã‚  RD, Read: This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC stores the result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC 0804 chip. When CS=0 high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is shown on the pins D0-D7. 3.  Ã‚  WR, Write: This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start the conversion process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts the conversion process. 4.  Ã‚  CLK IN, Clock IN: This is an input pin connected to an external clock source. 5.  Ã‚  INTR, Interrupt: This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion is over. 6.   Vin+ : Analog Input . 7.   Vin- : Analog Input. Connected to ground. 8.  Ã‚  AGND: Analog Ground. 9.  Ã‚  Vref/2: This pin is used to set the reference voltage. If this is not connected the default reference voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can be done by using this pin. 10.   DGND: Digital Ground. 11-18. Output Data Bits (D7-D0). 19. CLKR: Clock Reset. 20. Vcc: Positive Supply The above timing diagrams are from ADC0804 datasheet. The first diagram shows how to start a conversion. Also you can see which signals are to be asserted and at what time to start a conversion. So looking into the timing diagram  we note down the steps or say the order in which signals are to be asserted to start a conversion of ADC. As we have decided to make Chip select pin as low so we need not to bother about the CS signal in the  timing diagram. Below steps are for starting an ADC conversion. I am also including CS signal to give you a clear picture. While programming we will not use this signal. Make chip select (CS) signal low. Make write (WR) signal low. Make chip select (CS) high. Wait for INTR pin to go low (means conversion ends). Once the conversion in ADC is done, the data is available in the output latch of the ADC. Looking at the second diagram, which shows the  timing diagram  of  how to read  the converted value from the output latch of the ADC, data of the new conversion is only available for reading after ADC0804 made INTR pin low or say when the conversion is over. Below are the steps to read output from the ADC0804. Make chip select (CS) pin low. Make read (RD) signal low. Read the data from port where ADC is connected. Make read (RD) signal high. Make chip select (CS) high. Interfacing the LCD with 8051 Æ’Â   Pin Information of LCD: Pin No Name Description 1 Vss Ground 2 Vdd +5V 3 Vee Contrast Adjustment -2V to -5V 4 RS Register Select 5 RW 1 -Read , 0- Write 6 E Enable Strobe 7 D0 Data Line 8 D1 Data Line 9 D2 Data Line 10 D3 Data Line 11 D4 Data Line 12 D5 Data Line 13 D6 Data Line 14 D7 Data Line 15 LED+ Backlit LED +V   Vdd (Optional signal) 16 LED- Backlit LED -V   Vss (Optional signal) Algorithm to send data to LCD: 1.Make R/W low 2.Make RS=0 ;if data byte is command RS=1 ;if data byte is data (ASCII value) 3.Place data byte on data register 4.Pulse E (HIGH to LOW) 5.Repeat the steps to send another data byte LCD Initialization: Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the LCD. Simple steps to initialize the LCD Specify function set: Send  38H  for 8-bit, double line and 57 dot character format. Display On-Off control: Send  0FH  for display and blink cursor on. Entry mode set: Send  06H  for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible. Clear display: Send  01H  to clear display and return cursor to home position. Writing software: The LCD module is an intelligent component. We communicate to LCD module by sending commands from microcontroller. To write data to LCD module separate sequence is followed for 4 bit and 8 bit mode. Writing command for 8 Bit mode: Write 8 bit data on D0-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low Writing command for 4 Bit mode: Write 4 bit data (upper nibble) on D4-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low Write 4 bit data (lower nibble) on D4-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low LCD Commands:   Instruction RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Description NOP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Operation Clear Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear Display and Address counter = 0 Cursor Home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x Address counter = 0 Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S Set cursor direction(I/D) and auto display shift (S) Display Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Turn display (D) and cursor (C) ON/OFF. Set cursor blinking(B) Cursor/ Display shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 S R/L x x Shift display/cursor (S), specify direction (R/L) Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x Set Interface data width (DL), number of display lines (N), character font (F) Set CGRAM Address 0 0 0 1 Set CGRAM address (D0-D5), CGRAM data is sent after this command Set DDRAM Address 0 0 1 Set DDRAM address (D0-D6), DDRAM data is sent after this command Busy Flag and Address 0 1 BF Read busy flag (BF) and address counter(D0-D6) Write Data 1 0 Write data (D0-D7) into DDRAM/CGRAM Read Data 1 1 Read data (D0-D7) from DDRAM/CGRAM Legends used in table:- I/D:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Increment, 0- Decrement S:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Auto Display shift, 0 No display shift D:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Display ON, 0 Display OFF C:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Cursor ON, 0- Cursor OFF B:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Cursor blinking ON, 0 Cursor blinking OFF S:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Display Shift, 0 -Cursor move R/L:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Shift right, 0- Shift left DL:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 8 bit interface, 0- 4 bit interface N:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 2 lines, 0- 1 line F:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 5X10 dots font, 0- 5X7 dots f