Financial management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Money related administration - Term Paper Example By global principles, this to be sure was an extraordinary development. The accounting reports of business banks displayed quick increment during the whole eighties decade yet began giving indications of easing back down in the main portion of nineties as premium contrasts would in general tighten and banks began relying increasingly more upon charges as their essential wellspring of salary. There was another indication of constant increment in the size of the universal monetary superstructure and that was a checked increment in the volume of protections extraordinary (principally as securities and currency advertise papers) in the complete quantum of money related cases while there was a practically equal decrease in stores and advances. Be that as it may, what all investigators and money related specialists favored at that point to choose not to see was the expanded phantom of huge measures of terrible obligations. Things were additionally convoluted by the way that while family un it division monetary records began displaying an expansion in the two resources and liabilities, there was a stamped decrease in stores inside gross family resources and a practically equivalent increment in net budgetary riches as protections. (Blommestein 1996) This was conceivably an immediate branch of the exceptional ingenuity that was seen in the money related markets during this decade when one was overpowered by the abrupt spray in subordinates markets and coming of business papers in a major manner. Essentially all types of guidelines and limitations that were viewed as crucial for keeping up soundness in universal monetary markets were given a pass by as practically all OECD nations abrogated trade controls. The financial area additionally disposed of practically all structures loan cost controls and powers over credit development. The capitals showcases additionally saw expulsion of powers over expenses and commissions. In certain nations, the current

Product Mix

Presentation Operating in more than 50 nations with in excess of 100,000 individuals, Johnson and Johnson USA has been positioned multiple times in the â€Å"Fortune Top 10† rundown of the most respected organizations in the US. Johnson and Johnson (J&J) India, an auxiliary of Johnson and Johnson USA, is one of the main players in the Indian pharmaceutical and customer items business. It has worker quality of more than 1,800. It began business in India in 1947 in Bombay with Johnson’s Baby Powder, and, after some time, presented different items like toothbrushes, Johnson’s Baby Cream and Prickly Heat Powder. Preparation about this world class organization, we can have a brief look on the accompanying points:†¢ †¢ Global Manufacturer of Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Products and Medical Devices. Recorded in Fortune 500 Companies Ranked first among 50 top Pharmaceutical organizations 230 auxiliary organizations with activities in more than 57 nations. Notable customer items are the BAND-AID Brand line of swathes, Tylenol Medications , JOHNSON'S BABY Products Produced its first items in 1886 Incorporated in 1887 ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON filled in as the primary President of the organization. In 1910,JAMES WOOD JOHNSON succeeded him as President. William C. Weldon is the President (since 2002 Onwards) The other key Members of the organization are:†¢ †¢ William C. Weldon:- Chairman ,Board of Directors; Chairman ,Executive Committee; Chief Executive Officer †¢ Christine A. Poon:- Vice-Chairman ,Board of Directors; Member ,Executive Committee Dominic J. Caruso: †Member, Executive Committee; Vice President, Finance; Chief Financial Officer. Organization STRUCTURE †¢ Based on the standard of Decentralized Management. Official Committee is the chief administration gathering. Board of trustees is liable for the tasks and designation of the assets. Regulates and organizes the exercises of the three portions. Every auxiliary inside the business portions is, with certain special cases, oversaw by residents of the nation where it is found. Auxiliary HOLDINGS Johnson and Johnson is a profoundly expanded organization with at any rate 230 auxiliaries, which it alludes to as the â€Å"Johnson and Johnson Family of Companies†. A portion of these auxiliaries include: †¢ ALZA Corporation Baby Center, L. L. C. Johnson and Johnson, Group of Consumer Companies, Inc. Johnson and Johnson Health Care Systems Inc. Johnson and Johnson †Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co. Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L. L. C. Pfizer Consumer †¢ J in INDIA †¢ Spread its underlying foundations in India during 1947. It was Mr. Patrick Whaley who set the establishment. Propelled Johnson’s Baby cream and Prickly Powder. Item like bellodomma, pharmaceutical tapes were imported from the parent organization. In Sep. 957, another organization Johnson and Johnson India Ltd. was made and enlisted. As of late this organization praised its 50 years in India. †¢ SEGMENTS OF BUSINESS Johnson and Johnson is composed into three business segments:†¢ †¢ Consumer Pharmaceutical Medical Devices and Diagnostics Consumer J makes and markets a wide scope of items utilized in the fields like:†¢ †¢ Baby and Child Care Skin C are Oral and Wound Care Women’s Health Care Nutritional and Over-the-counter Pharmaceutical Products MAJOR BRANDS Some of the significant Brands of J are:†¢ †¢ AVEENO (Skin Care Products) BAND-AID (Brand Adhesive Bandages) †¢ CLEAN and CLEAR (Teen Skin Care Products) JOHNSON’S (Baby Products) NEUTROGENA (Skin and Hair Care Products) REMBRANDT (Brand of Oral Care Products) SPLENDA (No Calorie Sweetener) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO PRODUCT MIX J is known not just for the quality help and kinds of items yet in addition for the assortment and scope of items. It has a colossal rundown of Product Lines with gigantic profundity in each line. It likewise has a colossal width and profundity in its Product Mix. Its Product Lines are in the accompanying fragments:? Infant and Child Care ? Healthy skin ? Oral and Wound Care ? Women’s Health Care ? Wholesome and Over-the-counter ? Pharmaceutical Products ? Clinical Devices and Equipment. A portion of the Products in the Product Line of Baby and Child Care are as:0 Baby Hair Oil 0 Baby Soap 0 Baby Cream 0 Baby Body Lotion 0 Baby Massage Oil 0 Baby Powder 0 Baby Nappy Pads 0 Baby Shampoo J has done the Brand Line expansion in the items like Hair Oil, Soap, Cream, Massage Oil, Powder and Shampoo by propelling these items in different aroma and hues. In today’s evolving times, where individuals have gotten progressively cognizant towards their wellbeing and hence moving towards normal items, they lean toward utilizing J items over different Brands. J has caught the clients by Positioning itself as a Company giving Natural items without synthetic substances. Therefore its diagram of Customer Confidence Index is high when contrasted with different Brands. The Kids and New Born, yet additionally the young people and upper age bunch clients have been the Target of J. It has its items streaming for each age bunch and in each section. A portion of the items in the product offering of Skin Care are:0 0 Aveeno (Brand for Skin Care Products) Clean and Clear face wash 0 Clean and Clear Cream 0 Clean and Clear Cleansing Milk 0 Neutrogena (Brand for Skin and Hair Care items) 0 Body Lotion and so on. J additionally has its Oral Care items by the name Rembrandt. It likewise has its No Calorie Sweetener by the name Splenda. Product offering Length of J in Pharmaceuticals is immense. The items are for different Therapeutic uses such as:0 Anti Fungal 0 Anti-Infective 0 Cardiovascular 0 Contraceptive 0 Dermatology 0 Gastrointestinal and numerous more†¦ Band-Aid is one of the most famous pharmaceutical results of J. Product offering of J in Medical Devices and Equipments is additionally calm noteworthy. 0 It incorporates a wide scope of items disseminated to Wholesalers, Hospitals and Retailers. Utilized chiefly in the expert fields by Physicians, Nurses, Therapists, Hospitals, Diagnostic Laboratories and Clinics. Items incorporate Cordis’ circulatory infection the board items, DePuy’s orthopedic joint recreation and spinal consideration items. Vistakon's ACUVUE Disposable Contact Lens. One Touch Brand Blood Glucose Meters from LifeScan, Inc. P. F. C. Sigma Knee System from DePuy, Inc. 0 J&J additionally has a few women’s Health Care items. Accordingly J&J has divided the market in a manner in order to target Kids, Teenagers, Women and additionally individuals those are cognizant about Natural items. It has unequivocally secured the market by broadening itself into Pharmaceuticals and Manufacturer of Medical Equipments and gadgets. Achievements †¢ 1989: Introduced the main test unit for the identification of antibodies to hepatitis C. 1996: Introduced the main test pack to screen blood for antigens to HIV-1, the infection that is answerable for by far most of AIDS cases in the U. S. 997: Introduced the primary completely robotized blood banking framework in Europe. 1999: Introduced the principal completely robotized blood and plasma screening framework. 2000: Introduced the principal blood screening pack for HCV antigen. Grants and RECOGNISATION †¢ In the year 2005 J&J was perceived by National Safety Council for the greatness in natural, wellbeing and security the executives. In the year 2006 Working Mother Magazine named J&J in best 100 work environments for mother. Fortune magazine positioned J&J in ninth situation in over all industry and furthermore recorded it in the America most appreciated organizations in 2006. In the year 2007 J&J get the Spark Award for the new pressing and publicizing effort. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY †¢ Center of Health, Environment and Justice AND J&J propelled PVC shopper crusades. Built up a PVC eliminate approach in June 2007 Signed the Compact for Safe Cosmetics. A vow to make safe items. Eco-Friendly Endeavour’s 0 Reached a settlement with the U. S. govt. in December 2006. Introduced a â€Å"ZERO† release cooling tower water treatment framework. Help-age 0 Donated to TSUNAMI aid ventures in Asia. Gave $10 million to September 11 , 2001 casualties. Attempting to decrease its green house gas discharges. Natural Policy 0 Integrating Environmental objectives. Taking a stab at ZERO WASTE. 100% asset effectiveness. Upgrade of condition. Using imaginative advancements. Cultivating ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS. Philosophy 0 Our first obligation †specialists, medical attendants, moms, fathers, shoppers. Everything of high caliber. Continually endeavor to diminish costs. Customers’ orders - overhauled appropriately. Providers and merchants †make benefit. Envt. is a definitive human medical problem. Likely arrangements J&J Corporation has an awesome view of India. This has been bolstered by acceptable outcomes in the nation. The standpoint is bullish, and is upheld by a significant level of trust in the Indian supervisory group and more ventures likely in the coming years. Twofold digit development is figure for the India activities. India would be a key development driver for J&J around the world. J&J is additionally investigating the open doors for setting up BPO activities in the nation.

Strauss, Lewis Lichtenstein

Strauss, Lewis Lichtenstein Strauss, Lewis Lichtenstein strôz [key], 1896â€"1974, American financier, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (1953â€"58), b. Charleston, W.Va. In World War I he served under Herbert Hoover on the Belgian Relief Commission and the Allied Supreme Economic Council. He was a special assistant to Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal in World War II, rising to the rank of rear admiral. Associated with Kuhn, Loeb Company from 1919, as a partner after 1929, he resigned in 1946. Strauss was a member of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1950 and returned as its chairman in 1953. His service on the AEC was marked by several controversies, including one with the atomic physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, who had opposed development of the hydrogen bomb, a project Strauss strongly advocated. His term as AEC chairman ended in June, 1958, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him (Nov., 1958) Secretary of Commerce. Strauss held this office until June, 1959, when the Senate, in a close vote, refused to confirm the appointment. See his memoirs, Men and Decisions (ed. by C. C. Rogers, 1962). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Microfinance And Financial Inclusion Microfinance

4. Microfinance and Financial Inclusion: Microfinance programmes are intended to reach poor segments of society as they lack access to formal financial services. It, therefore, holds greater promise to further the agenda of FI as it seeks to reach out to this excluded category of population. India has adopted the Bangladesh’s model in a modified form. The Apex-Bank NABARD started ‘SHG bank linkage programme’ during the last decade of by-gone century, is by far the major programme initiative without parallel in any parts of the world for achieving the FI. The programme has demonstrated across the country its effectiveness in linking banks with excluded category of poor segments of population. In this process role of NGOs in development is quite pronounced in providing the last mile connectivity as enablers and catalyst between the SHGs and Village level co-operatives/banks. This is also supplemented by the MFIs delivering credit. To alleviate poverty and to empower particularly women, the micro-finance ha s emerged as a powerful instrument to serve the objective of FI in India. With availability of micro-finance, self-help groups and credit management groups have also started in India. More importance is being given to SHGs, since the micro lending to the group rather than individual borrowers is more successful and in the process also making it to reach the goal of FI. All the members of the group are equally benefitted and also the repayment by each member is guaranteed byShow MoreRelatedEssay On Microfinance Sector836 Words   |  4 Pagesnumbers highlight the extent of financial exclusion.2 Banks seem to have taken note of these realities and are adopting new technologies and leveraging partners to tap the underserved. This has resulted in increased financial inclusion in rural areas, especially among those who are opening bank accounts for the first time. Still, despite the best efforts of banks, many are yet to be included in the formal financial system through access to forma l credit. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have takenRead MoreIslamic Microfinance And Islamic Institutions1310 Words   |  6 Pagesto Sharia (Islamic law) compliant financial tools. According to CGAP 2013, there are around 255 Islamic microfinance providers in the world (Figure 1 and 2). Studies conducted in Bangladesh, Sudan and Indonesia show that Islamic microfinance is growing at much faster rate than conventional microfinance. TechNavio forecasts the market to grow at a CAGR of 19.7 percent over the period 2013-2018. There is a huge opportunity for the growth of Islamic Microfinance in Pakistan as well. This sector isRead MoreRole of Microfinance:- The micro credit of microfinance program was first initiated in the year600 Words   |  3 Pages Role of Microfinance:- The micro credit of microfinance program was first initiated in the year 1976 in Bangladesh with promise of providing credit to the poor without collateral , alleviating poverty and unleashing human creativity and endeavor of the poor people. Microfinance impact studies have demonstrated that : †¢ Microfinance helps poor households meet basic needs and protects them against risks. †¢ The use of financial services by low-income households leads to improvements in household economicRead MoreThe Structure Of The Banking Industry1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthe State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) it has now expanded to several players and has recently enabled MFIs to be part of the formal financial system. However, despite these achievements, there are still challenges that linger and financial inclusion remains an issue. This part explores the current structure of the banking industry and touches on the status of financial inclusion in Vietnam. 4.3.1. Banking Industry Vietnam’s banking sector is fairly recent being founded a little over 2 decades ago. PriorRead MoreFactors Affecting Organizational Transparency Of Microfinance Institutions1660 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizational transparency of Microfinance institutions Empirical evidence from microfinance institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. 1. INTRODUCTION Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are established to serve the poor through providing financial services such as loans, savings, remittance services, insurance, trainings and technical assistances etc(Callaghan et al. 2007; Mersland, 2009). Unlike other firms, microfinance institutions are expected to meet two objectives, namely financial and social which are calledRead MoreMoney Flow Indexes864 Words   |  3 PagesResearch Design: Descriptive research is undertaken for study. Data collection was done from the Credit rating reports Microfinance sector reports. Sources of Data: Secondary data for the study Sources: †¢ M-CRIL (Micro Credit Rating International Ltd.) †¢ CRISIL Ratings †¢ Microfinance India, State of the sector reports Research Tool: MS-Excel Statistical tools CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS Analysis of the funds used by the MFIs for different purposes Figure 1: Use of funds byRead MoreThe Communist Party Of Vietnam Essay983 Words   |  4 Pagesaccountable (DFAT 2016). Recent political developments in Vietnam has seen the end of 12th National Congress elections held every 5 years and resulted in the continuation of Nguyen Phu Trong as the general secretary (EIU 2016). In terms of the microfinance industry, there are two government bodies that are mainly responsible for the legal, regulatory and supervisory environment of the sector. The State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), founded in October 26, 1961,is a ministry within the government responsibleRead MoreDeveloping A Small Enterprises And Micro Leasing1804 Words   |  8 PagesMicrofinance provides the basic financial services to low income people, who have lack to access to bank related services. This includes credit for instance, micro saving’s, micro insurance and micro leasing. The main focus of European Union is on microcredit because there is only limited experience with micro savings and micro leasing exists, it is due to the strict regulation, for instance with regard to deposit taking. The microcredit is the extension of very small loans to those who are in povertyRead MoreA Market Based Approach For Community Development Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-economic, and political context that our country is in. A market-based approach provides a mechanism to define relationships and allocate economic resources to create systemic change within communities. increasing opportunities for social inclusion and economic sustainability Social Sustainability 1. True community development exemplifies the relationship between the local actor and the interconnectedness that needs to exist to accomplish change. Market based approaches to community developmentRead MoreFactors Hindering Financial Inclusion in Uganda: A Case Study of Kamuli District1618 Words   |  7 PagesFACTORS HINDERING FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF KAMULI DISTRICT. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Uganda’s Vision 2040 highlights access to finance as one of the barriers among others that are affecting the competitiveness of the economy. Most individuals and firms access credit from informal sources. One of the reasons for the limited access to credit is the low level of domestic savings which affects the ability by institutions to offer long term finance. As such

Hills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway - 1446 Words

Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it will be shown how the imagery and symbolism hidden throughout the story parallel the conflicts the two characters face. The title is a huge focus throughout this feature because Hemingway layers it into his work in multiple segments. To some, the significance of the title differs. Common knowledge seems to dictate that the character Jig is simply referencing the hill’s color looking like white elephants. However, Author’s Lewis E and Weeks Jr, from [Stuies in Short Fiction] writes, â€Å"On first reading the title one assumes the comparison merely be to the color and the rounded contour of the hills that constitute part of the setting, a quiet literal reference.† (p. 75). In making this comment, the authors urge us to look past the simply explanation given by the character and delve deeper into what the title symbolizes. The title doesn’t imply that we will be reading into a story about a man and a woman discussing the future of their unborn child and their own futures McBee 2 along with it.Show MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway580 Words   |  2 PagesE.B. White once said, â€Å"Theres no limit to how complicated things can get, on account of one thing always leading to another.† This quotation means that nobody ever knows how complicated things are going to get, and on top of that they can get worse. One can agree with this statement because in life you can go through unexpected situations that really affect your life in a negative way, and in life things might get worse. Both Soldiers home by Ernest Hemingway and Hills like white elephants by ErnestRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway886 Words   |  4 Pagesreader could put themselves into. Whether they choose to partake in a wayward journey full of adventure or the daily life of a human being with morals; a story’s aspect influences those thoughts with a deeper understanding. In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White E lephants,† it follows an American man and girl at a resting point during their travels. They arrived by train, stopping between Barcelona and Madrid. While there, they patiently waited for the next train at a bar inside of the station.Read MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway893 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway was a prolific writer. His short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† shows the tense situation between a man and a woman on vacation. Hemingway chooses to be vague in many ways. He never gives real names to his characters, nor explicitly states where they are besides hinting that they are in Spain. Additionally, he leaves it entirely to the reader to discover what the couple is discussing. By only providing information to the reader through only the dialogue of the two centralRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written by Ernest Hemingway, is an intriguing literary work that foretells the story of a man and a woman waiting for a train, whilst discussing their feelings and emotions towards the surgical operation that is about to occur on the woman. Although the story was originally written in August 1927, the piece was later published in Hemingway’s short story collection ‘Men Without Women’. The text includes a wide variety of literary terms and has various criticalRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway990 Words   |  4 Pages Another relationship coming to an end†¦ Throughout the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written in 1927 by Ernest Hemingway, he used the train station setting, the desired operation, and obviously the relationship between the American and the girl to symbolize a crumbling relationship and unwanted gift between them. The American and the girl find themselves wound up in a rough, unplanned situation that they are trying to fix. Many bread crumbs are dropped throughout the story to symbolize a collapsingRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway1750 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s stories are known for their ever interpreting meanings behind them, and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† does not trail from the rest due to the never mentioned word ‘abortion’. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† written by Ernest Hemingway, takes place around World War 1 in Spain, at a train station (Hills Like White Elephants. 4). An American man and a girl have been discussing the girl’s unspecific operation. It is apparent that the girl is perturbed about this operation, while theRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1037 Words   |  5 PagesOlivia Sellers English 102 Scheck February 10, 2016 â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† can be puzzling and hard to decipher. Due to this, a number of conclusions can be drawn away from the text. The dialog between characters leaves a number of questions unanswered and leaves the reader confused about the conversation as a whole. Many things are left unsaid and not explained in the story, with that being the case, the reader must takeRead More`` Hills Like White Elephant `` By Ernest Hemingway865 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore it begins, or as easily getting rid of problem before it even became one. In the short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephant†, the compensation of abortion can easily be seen between Jig and her American lover’s decision whether to keep the innocent’s life or not. Ernest Hemingway uses the fiction element plot, symbolism, and setting to illustrate the theme of abortion in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants.† Abortion has been viewed as a crucial struggle between couples. Many view this situation as endingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1432 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood behaviors. Ernest Hemingway weaves both of these stereotypes into his short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The story’s plot revolves around a couple arguing about whether or not to have an abortion. In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† a theme of male domination can be found, but by examining the dialogue closely, a theme of females asserting their will and manipulating emerges as well. Male domination is the primary and most obvious theme in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† During theRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, By Ernest Hemingway1673 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway: The Morality Within the Operation Ernest Hemingway created the iceberg theory, by which he expects the reader to know a great deal of information from the little he expresses in his work. This style is evident in his short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† because the information the reader must obtain is hidden underneath the surface. This writing style often confuses the reader, but when the short story is read multiple times, the reader can

Visual vs auditory Free Essays

This research paper Is based on experiments that were conducted with the sole purpose of determine people’s different preferences towards various learning and presentation techniques, which translates to content retention and ability to learn and remember a wide range of content that was taught in class. This experiment was done on two deferent environments; one experiment was done on people in a control environment (classroom) where students did not use visual aid in their study, while the other environment was not done in the classroom but rather In the open and involved the use of visual lad such as; projectors, graphs, chart among other visual equipments. Participants tried their best to write down each word they either saw or heard but some participants did better than others. We will write a custom essay sample on Visual vs auditory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both Group A and Group B performed approximately the same. The result of this experiment, which was based on the ability of the respondents to retain or remember different words, was recorded in a frequent table which will be analyzed in this research paper. Intro Researchers and policy makers alike allude to the fact that virtually all human beings re visual beings and not theoretical beings, and that they learn better as well as remember or recall different facts and information based on how these information was passed to them. For example, research has shown that when visual aids such as charts, graphs, projectors among other visual aids are used In teaching and presentation, the audiences are able to increase their word or content retention to a larger extent compared to when no visual aid are not used in presentation and teaching (Carol and Roger, 1978). This lab report will conduct an in-depth analysis on n experiment that was conducted by 18 participants, under control and non-control environment In relation to use of visual lad In making experiments. The research paper will thereafter make recommendations, conduct a step by step analysis on what participants did in the experiment, predict the future of visual presentation, highlight the methodology that was used in conducting this study, outline the key limitations of the study and make a conclusion that is based on the findings of this study. Method Participants 18 participants that are enrolled In an Experimental Psychology class performed an core requirement. The participants consisted of 17 female and one male. The participants analyzed the use of visual and illustration learning, and how they influenced word remembrance. The study used simple random sampling in selecting the sample size that was used in the experiments. Setting This experiment took place in a small room that measured mom by mom, there were no windows in this room. The participants had 25-30 seating options; the chairs had a wooden desk and metal chairs. There was a blackboard in front of the room as well as the back of the room. There was also a rectangular table in the front of the room s well as the back of the room. There was also a rectangular table in the front of the classroom. Materials The material’s that was needed for this experiment was random assignment sheet, desktop computer, projector and projector screen, ‘phone (auditory presentation timer), pens or pencils, and sheets of paper w/ 25 spaces which were computer sized. Random assignment is a method in organizing experiments in which participants have equal odds of being given to a precise state of the experiment. The desktop computer was used to look up the words and sounds for the experiment. The erector and the projector screen was used to make the presentation more vivid so all the participants could see and hear the presentation. The phone was used as an auditory presentation and timer. Participants used pens or pencils to record the data. The sheet of paper with the 25 spaces was used by the participants to record data that was obtained from this experiment. Experimental Design The experiment design was between subject design. Participants were assigned by random assignment they were then placed in Group A or Group B. Group A was given the visual presentation whereas participants in Group B were given the auditory reservation. Participants were being observed by effects each presentation had on them. Procedure The experimenter randomly assigned participants got assigned either to Group A or to Group B by the number they received by the experimenter. Group B left room while Group A remained. The experimenter then provided the participants instructions and a sheet. Participants wrote down words they remembered then participants swapped sheets with a classmate. The experimenter reviewed correct words. After that participants wrote down the total number of words correct they received. Participants reported total number to experimenter. Then the Participants in Group A the ones that were presented with a visual presentation stepped outside and Group B the auditory participants entered the classroom. Group B followed the same steps as Group A, Group was presented the auditory presentation through the ‘phone. Results Figure 1 indicates the difference between both groups, Group A performed slightly one indicated that the participants in Group A performed better than those in Group B. Group A the ones that received the visual presentation which allowed the participants to answer more correct words whereas Group B had the auditory reservation which was hard to hear so it caused a change in results. The mean for Group A was 12. 4444 whereas the mean for Group B was 10. 6667. The t-test indicates that there is no significances. Discussion Predicting the future of visual aid or visual presentation in the teaching curriculum and presentation is a complex issue this is because of the drastic changes that have been seen in virtually all sectors and how they embrace this concept. For instance, in the academic and teaching profession, the use of visual aid or visual software’s such as power point presentations has been embraced through the use of Powering presentation both by the learners and course facilitators, power point presentation tends to be more visual rather than theoretical and hence would help in enhancing the ability of learners to improve their word retention ability, conversely, the use of Youth tutorials is another avenue that will be used more frequently by learners in the future to find real time information in real time. These tutorials provide a visual as well as audio step by step flow on different research topics to user which improves their word retention ability Carol and Roger, 1978). In addition, the future of visual presentation in conferencing and interviews looks very bright. This is made possible because of the use of voice over internet platforms such as Keep, where people can interact over a wide geographical location, resulting to exchange of information and ideas among people. Teleconferencing will further simplify as well as eliminate all the obstacles that existed in the traditional environment, because people are able to interact at low costs, based at their convenience, and moving from one location to another. Since the world has been reduced from the traditional market place, to one the modern market space, businessmen, and professionals such as teachers can be able to share information with each other, as well as benchmark with each other (Carol and Roger, 1978) Also Carol and Roger (1978) contend to the fact that the variability as well as reliability of research is one way or another enhanced by acknowledging the limitations of the study. Basically, this research paper is subject to a number of limitations in the environment, and demographic characteristics of different people. One, this research did not take into consideration the different geographic characteristics of people such as age which would affect people’s content retention and remembrance ability. For instance, old people have a low remembrance ability compared to young people this is because old age affects some of the human cells that increase word retention and remembrance. Second, considering the fact that remembrance and content retention can be done through experiments, however, sensitive issues such as physiological or emotional issues that may affect the ability o recall words and remember them all together are difficult to establish. Third, time for carrying out the proposed research is limited, as the researcher will work within strict timeliness. Fourth, there is possibility of change of organizations or the individuals under consideration; this is because the research does not take into consideration the long-term effects of variables of study (Carol and Roger, 1978)). The study gave some suggestions for further research and experiments on the chosen researcher thus thought that research be done in other institutions and people of efferent age groups over a longer period of time in order to establish a better view of current research. It was also suggested that a research should be conducted on different learning institutions to establish whether the use of visual aid and teaching software’s such as Powering presentations have improved the word retention of people in these schools since these software’s were introduced in their learning institutions (Carol and Roger, 1978). Based on the findings obtained in this research paper, it is evident that use of visual aid such as projectors, charts among other usual materials, enhance and improve the ability of people to retain, remember and recall different aspects of learning like remembrance of words during presentation. Although, some small disparities are reported on people whose memory does not depend solely on the use of visual aid because of demographical and physiological differences in different people based on age, emotions, health status of people among other things. Therefore, the use of visual aid in the teaching curriculum should be encouraged because of the benefits it provides to students in improving heir ability to retain and remember different things that they are taught in class (Carol and Roger, 1978). Carol and Roger (1978) alludes to the fact that the use of visual presentation and aid has a lot of benefits, however, there is evidence to show that the use of visual aid is superior to some people compared to another group of people. For example, the use of visual aid in fifth grade, kindergarten, colleges and second grade level helped the students to improve their word retention ability, on the other side; the use of visual aid among older people produced mixed results. However, these disparities tend to disappear in the long run. How to cite Visual vs auditory, Papers

Employment and Upper Management free essay sample

Answer the following questions, regarding the article: â€Å"Generational Diversity in the Workplace† 1. What are the generational issues Julia faces with each employee? What cultural, historic, or societal issues may influence these generational issues? Ethel is 70 years old and she has been at Everything’s Here Inc. for 20 years. She had worked in the fabric and crafts department for 18 years until it was closed due to its low revenues and she was transferred from department to department until she ended up in the electronics department. Ethel has limited know-how on how to use electronic appliances much less on how to tackle software programs used for increasing efficiency in the workplace such as inventory control program. Ethel does not seem to be ambitious and enthusiastic about her job as her ultimate goal for taking the new job is to receive health benefits under Medicare for her husband and herself. It is not possible to reach her via email and she also shuts her phone off not to be interrupted while watching TV in the evenings. Hence; Julia, the Department Manager, cannot reach her in case she is needed. Ethel should be considered as a Veteran regarding her generational status. Veterans are born approximately in between 1922-1943. They have core values as dedication to work and respect for authority. (Zemke, Raines amp; Filipczak, 2000). As Campbell suggests in her article â€Å"Generational Diversity: Tensions and Opportunities† veterans/traditionalists are people who save everything. Their motto is â€Å"Waste not, want not†, because they were born and grew up during the time of the Great Depression and World War-II. They look at their careers as a fortunate opportunity. (Campbell, Profiles in Diversity Journal, Nov-Dec 2011). Their childhoods were spent in the hard times. These tough time taught the Veterans to â€Å"believe in logic not magic and to be disciplined† (Zemke et al. 2000). Regarding these theories, we can consider Ethel as an ambitious person who is willing to get what she â€Å"deserved† after working almost 20 years. She is a dedicated soul as she does not quit working even though she has reached her 70s. In the Electronics Department, we also have Rick who is 51 and he is a sales associate. He is born in between 1946-1964 and hence he can be considered as a Baby Boomer regarding his generation. He used to work for an appliance store where he sold kitchen and laundry appliances. Rick is able to tackle the basics of how to use technology as surfing the net, checking emails and using a smart phone. However Rick stays short of responding to technical questions coming from customers. Therefore he prefers to stay in his comfort zone, the TV department, where he does his best. And when he receives a technical question he either needs to look it up online or finds Julia or Larry whom he defines as his young knowledgeable colleagues. Boomers were influenced by social events such as victories over polio and tuberculosis, Martin Luther King, easily accessible birth control, Vietnam War, founding of the National Organization for Women, establishment of the Peace Corps and as such. (Holtzman, Kruger amp; Srock, in Harvey amp; Allard, Understanding and Managing Diversity, 5th Ed. ). Boomers were raised and educated during a period of strength and stability in America’s economy. Boomers tend to be motivated by the mindset that the possibilities and opportunities are limitless. Boomers are motivated with success and they strive for strong work ethic and great determination. â€Å"They were raised by parents who had made the world better for them and who encouraged them that they too could make the world a better place. † (Bartley, Ladd amp; Morris, 2007). Regarding Rick’s generation’s social events and the trends how they were brought up, Rick can be seen as a man who could take the best out of any situation. As Rick was given the job he tried to stay in his comfort zone and tried to reveal his strengths more and avoided what he could not do. Julia’s third full-time employee is Larry who is 20 and has been working at Everything’s Here Inc. for two years, started the job right after graduating from high school. He applied the job on her parents’ complaint that he spent so much time playing video games and they wanted him out of the house. He does not seem to have a genuine motivation for the job he is doing. Even though he is responsible helping out all the customers who has questions he only prefers to help out the younger customers who he believes are more â€Å"techno-savvy†. He spends most of his hours at work checking out new video games and text messaging to his friends. He has a low level of patience toward people who has a different mindset than him. This prohibits him helping out the customers who are looking for assistance. Larry shows characteristics of Millennial Generation. He is born between 1980 and 2000. Millennials were born in to a generation where they did not feel the difficulty to learn new technological developments as they are prone and akin to learning these types of developments since they are toddlers. Millenials want to make decisions on their own and control when and how they will get their work done. They see the ability to control their work done. (Southard amp; Lewis 2004). 2. How do these generational issues affect Julia’s management of the department? The three full-time employees, Larry, Rick and Ethel in the Electronics Department are coming from different generations which results in different behavioral settings and hence challenges the Department Manager, Julia to cope with the generational spectrum. Since the three employees have different tendencies, routines and capabilities it is difficult for Julia to set a standardized plan for the all three of them. She needs to consider her employees are coming from diverse generations and their needs need to be taken care of accordingly in order to keep them motivated and also to get the best efficiency from them. We see in the article that Larry, and Ethel have different preferences on means of communication. They have specific requirements from their manager if she wants to contact them. Larry is strict about getting contacted via text messaging and he is available any time during the day. Ethel on the other hand favors being left alone after she returns home from work and shuts her phone off in order not to be interrupted while watching her TV series. Rick, when he faces a question he is not able to respond, just rings up Julia or Larry. In case he cannot reach them he looks it up on the internet which makes him spend so much time and this turns back as a negative feedback for Julia’s Department. 3. What can Julia do to improve customer service within the department? The quote below perfectly puts forth how challenging it is to manage employees coming from different generational cohorts. Leaders need to know the territory for which they are responsible and demonstrate their investment in the future. They need to trust their employees, listen well, and encourage and inspire them. Top-down leadership that does not consider the input of all employees is not going to be effective in retaining younger workers. Leaders should find ways to balance tradition and innova tion. † (Patterson, 2007) Patterson further discusses that people from different generations will have needs apart in order to achieve their professional goals. He argues that discussing the full range of human diversity and promoting ways in which diverse approaches strengthen an organization should be priorities. † (Patterson, 2007) It is also important to provide the opportunities for employees to improve their skills by giving certain trainings. In doing so, the employer could guarantee qualified and standardized attitude toward customers which reduces negative feedback. Since there are employees from 3 different generations in the Electronics Department, the Manager, Julia should consider their diverse needs and attitudes and motivations. For example she could offer a different inventory program that Ethel finds it easier to work with or also provide certain trainings for her to get acquainted with the new programs introduced. For Larry’s situation, Julia need to give incentives for him to get him more motivated and embrace his job. 4. What generalizations are made by upper management about the employees? In your opinion, are they right, or are they wrong? Be specific. In Ethel’s case, the upper management accepted her request to work for a few more years more even though the department she had worked for 18 years was closed due to low revenues. She made this request in order to receive health benefits under Medicare. Here the upper management ignored the fact that Ethel, even though well experienced in the Fabric and Crafts Department, was not qualified enough to work at the Electronics Department. The upper management at the Everything’s Here Inc. was not able to foresee the challenges both Ethel and the Electronics Department could face as her techno-illiteracy could be a problem when customers ask technology related questions. Furthermore, Ethel’s motivation is to receive the health care benefits until she retires. Therefore the upper management seems to have overlooked that she may not have the same level of enthusiasm for helping out customers who are looking for technology assistance. If we look at Rick’s case, we see that he took a job at Everything’s Here Inc. after the local appliance store that he worked for 20 years was closed. When he applied for a job at Everything’s Here Inc. , even though he did not have the required skills and experience in communication technologies, the upper management gave him a chance to give it a try. Mr. Lee commented that a person at Rick’s age could be capable of using technology. At that point Mr. Lee equalized using smart phones as being techno-savvy enough to respond each and every question coming from customers looking for assistance. The upper management underestimated the complex structure of customer support department that having basic telecommunications skills that we use in our daily lives might not be enough to assist customers and inform them on new technological developments. Our third full-time employee at Everything’s Here Inc. Electronics Department is Larry who is 20 and right after he graduated from high school he started working. Mr. Lee’s perception of Larry was that he was the ideal employee to work at the Electronics Department as he is young and he knows how to use computers. Once again the Manager, Mr. Lee, thinks just being young and being able to use computers and smart phones could be sufficient to work in the customer support area. However, Larry’s job requires more than being born in between 80s and 2000 and being an expert on text messaging. First of all, he needs to have the motivation for his job and accomplish the requirements. Larry seems to be immature for his job as he perceives text messaging with his friends is related to his job. This outcome should be of no surprise to the upper management as they thought of him the best fit for the job just looking at his age an ignoring whether he had the right education or experience, which is ironic that they hired employees at the age of 70s. 5. Have you faced similar or different exchanges in your retail shopping experience with employees of different generational cohorts? Give details to support your answer. I have taken interest in knitting recently and started exploring arts and crafts shops in my neighborhood. I often go and check out Hancock Fabrics once in a while and mostly I came across with senior women who are probably having been friends with the employees there. It is thoughtful and wise to have senior employees who could empathize with their peer customers. However even though the store is not crowded, the line at the cashier’s gets too long that you have to wait 15-20 minutes for just 3 customers in line. The other younger employees on the other side remain not doing anything because the senior customers favor and prefer asking questions to the employees who are closer to their age. I would also like to share my experience with REI. REI is a company selling outdoor clothing, footwear and gear for all seasons. They are well known for their employee satisfaction and benefits they provide. You can come across customer support employees from different generational cohorts and they are all enthusiastic and willing to help you out and want to make sure you leave the building with satisfaction. I believe REI owes this standardized successful attitude among its employees to its employee training programs. It is important for a company to receive the best feedback from its customers and it could achieve that by training their employees and initially satisfying its own employees per se. References: Bartley, S. J. , Ladd, P. G. , amp; Morris, M. (2007). Managing the Multigenerational Workplace: Answers for Managers and Trainers. CUPA-HR Journal, 58(1), 28-34. Campbell, E. A. (2011). Generational Diversity: Tensions and Opportunities. Profiles in Diversity Journal, 13(6), 66. Harvey, C. P. , Allard, M. J. (2012). Understanding and Managing Diversity. (5th Ed. ), Prentice Hall. Patterson, C. (2007). The Impact of Generational Diversity in the Workplace. Diversity Factor, 15(3), 17-22. Southard, G. , amp; Lewis, J. (2004). A Workplace That Recognizes Generational Diversity. PA Times, 27(11), 8-10. Zemke, R. , C. Raines and B. Filipczak. 2000. Generations at work: Managing the clash of veterans, boomers, xers and nexters in your workplace. New York: American Management Association.

King Solomons Mines Essays - English-language Films,

King Solomon's Mines Analysis of King Solomon's Mines' undertone of Sexism During the nineteenth century, women were viewed as inferior to men. Men also saw women as prizes as well as possessions. We can see this undertone in the book King Solomon's Mines by H.Rider Haggard. Here, the writer uses Lyn Pykett's essay Gender, Degeneration, Renovation: Some Contexts of the Modern as the backbone for the comparison and discussion. As Allen Quartermain and company gets closer and closer to the diamonds, the description of the scenery is very feministic: For the nipple of the mountain did not rise out of its exact center.(Haggard 101) As someone had pointed out that the map included in the book also has a hint of a female body, if turned upside down. The Sheba's breasts resemble the breasts of a female, and the location of the diamonds and treasures, which is further down the map, signifies the private of a female. Woman is a wholly sexual creature, to be defined entirely in terms of sexual relations and the reproductive function.(Pykett 23) When a man meets a woman, his ultimate goal is to get, as Haggard implied in the book, the treasures of the woman; therefore, one can also relate to the scene where Allen Quartermain and company makes a great effort to reach Sheba's breasts. During that phase of the trip, they face many hardships, such as starvation and dehydration. This part of the book could be interpreted as the time when a woman tells her man to slow down because she is not ready to be intimate, yet man, like the characters in the book would continue to strive to their ultimate goal. It is also important to note that after the characters reached Sheba's breasts; they found a stream, killed an inco and had a big feast. Here is a quote from Allen Quartermain after the treat, complementing the view of Sheba's breasts: I know not how to describe the glorious panorama which unfolded itself to our enraptured gaze. I have never seen anything like it before, nor shall, I suppose, again.(Haggard 104) Another point that should be observed is the fact that the road to the treasure becomes wide and smooth: It was a very different business traveling along down hill on that magnificent pathway?. Every mile we walked the atmosphere grew softer and balmier, and the country before us shone with a yet more luminous beauty(Haggard 107). This part of the literature signifies men's thoughts when they g et to that first stage of intimacy. Men rejoice, which is equivalent to having a big feast. Men also think that the road to the next stage of intimacy would be smooth sailing after he has broken the first barrier. During the later part of the story, when Quartermain Company are close to finding the Solomon's treasure, they encounter more difficulties. For example, they were in the middle of the war facing the wrath of Twala's army, and also witch doctress Gagool's trap, to which encounter almost cost them their lives. Again, these obstacles portray the idea of how a woman does not want to give, while the man would, even at the risk of dying, attempt to acquire it. Eventually, Allen Quartermain, Sir Henry Curtis, and Captain Good, get what they sought after. They had conquered the obstacles and attained the diamonds. One is safe to say that, men ultimately conquers women and gets what they desire according to the hidden connotation of the story. At the conclusion of the story one can add that, only men had survived. Both evil Gagool and fair Foulata perishes over the course of searching for the treasures, which, brings up the theme of survival of the fittest, where, only the strong continue to exist. How woman or women should be represented was clearly very closely linked to the question of who represents woman/women. (Pykett 20) In Haggard's book, the way he wanted to represent women was clear and evident. Notice how he describes the women when Allen Quartermain and company first entered the village: These women are, exceedingly handsome. They are tall and graceful, and their figures are wonderfully fine. Their hair, though short, is rather curly than woolly. Their

Should America Be At War

Should America Be At War Should America be at War with Afghanistan? Many citizens in the United States of America believe that our country should not go to war with terrorist forces in a foreign country know as Afghanistan. They fell we will just be resorting to terrorism. Although Tomas Pain once said, ? If a thief breaks into my house burns and destroys my property? Am I to suffer.? Terrorism: Mass-organized ruthlessness. Smashing two, seven-forty-seven jet airliners into two gargantuous builds filled with innocent civilians are an act of terrorism. These civilians had nothing to do with the military. The United States has and will retaliate with more bombings on military quarters. Why should we let these terrorists commit such horrific crimes and the United States not retaliate, it makes no sense. If we were to declare war on Afghanistan it would mitigate some problems that have been corrupting the Middle East for thousands of years over religion.my terrorism suspicion slipJust realizing that the Taliban is mad because in World War 2 we moved thousands of Jewish refuges into Pakistani. Their religion also believes in Holy wars. Just realizing this and not doing anything is not going to stop terrorist training camps being created and many more terrorist attacks on our country. Some of us may be sitting here trying to muster up some peace rally. You don?t see the Taliban trying to achieve world peace. They have no representative in the UN and feel they are far superior to any other country and world peace.Declaring war on Afghanistan and the Taliban would help the surrounding countries and even the world. They fell that their religion should be taught to every human in the world and will not stop fighting until they have total religious domination (if you will). This has created many problems through...

Analysis of The Tribute Money Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of The Tribute Money Painting - Essay Example The artist encodes very little information about what is going on in the story – there is an obvious depiction of Jesus featured prominently in the center, who is surrounded by his apostles (as shown by their halos). But indications of who is very small and very subtle – many of the apostles look very similar to each other. Similarly, there is no obvious indication of exactly what is going on. The architecture and the actions of the people on the margins of the painting tell the story, while the rest is simply a portrait of important people in Christianity. All of this speaks to a highly religious society where the viewer would be expected to be highly literate in the story, where this painting works both as a retelling and reinforcement of a story that the public would already know. The composition of the wardrobes in this painting also give interesting hints about the Italian culture’s understanding of the timing and role of religion in their society. The dress is a mix of different types of clothing – Jesus and the apostles wear what is essentially a Roman toga – yet the person in the front right of the composition wears a clearly Italian tunic, with a tight set of leggings under a lose belted garment. The architecture likewise bears resemblances to both Roman architectures with round arches and renaissance architecture (78). This mixing of contemporary and ancient probably speaks to a variety of things. Firstly, it could simply speak to the Renaissance ideals of harkening back to Rome – the people in the renaissance described themselves as being part of a rebirth of Roman ideology, technology, and culture, and actively rejected and insulted the Middle Ages (3). So this mixing of ancient Rome and modern Italy could be simply a representation of Renaissance sensibilities – as the natural successors to ancient Rome in culture and history, it is natural to mix the two together and represent them as very chronolog ically close. This representation could mean something different, however, if given a religious interpretation.        

Testing Web Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Testing Web Services - Essay Example Over the half decade, web services have become widely used in the deployment of web-based applications as they provide the advantage of compatibility with various software platforms. However, due to the platform-independent nature of a client-server network architecture, testing web services can prove to be more difficult and requires approaches that are different from those employed in traditional software testing. World Wide Web (WWW) services typically involve three components: a web server, a web page, and a web browser. These components work together in delivering information to the end-user. Web pages are written using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) for delivering formatted static content. Dynamic web pages can be constructed with the use of additional scripting using programming languages such as PHP, ASP, C#, or Java. These scripts are typically located in the web server. The last component, the web browser, displays text and multimedia content of web pages to the end-user. Currently, there are a number of web browsers available in the market, the most popular of which are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, and Google Chrome. The main purpose of creating web-based applications is to facilitate data transfer to the server and between servers. Web services work with various internet protocols and web standards. ... Online services rely on such standards to properly exchange messages with each other. Some protocols may also be derivates of web standards. For instance, Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) are both based on the XML standard. For a better understanding of the standards, protocols, and techniques used in the development of web services, these technologies shall be described further in the succeeding sections of this paper. The Limitations of Conventional Application Testing Software testing does not exist for the sole purpose of improving the quality of the application. It also guarantees reliability and aids in building the user's trust in the system. Due to the platform-independent structure of client-server applications, the testing methods often used in ordinary software development cannot cover all possible issues that may arise in web service development. The developers of a web service are not capable of predicting the software platform or programming language of other applications utilizing the said service. Likewise, they are cannot determine beforehand the platform being used on the client's side. Testing procedures for ordinary software usually focuses on a particular platform. As a result, these tests will like be unable to keep up with the open platform nature of web services. The need for interaction between web services makes it even more difficult to use conventional testing methods for these applications. (Huang, J.Z., Qub, Y., H. W. & Xie, J. 2004) For web service testing to be effective, it is not enough for just the service provider or requestor to take full responsibility. All parties must be integrated into a unified testing framework.

Major Research Designs And Methods Psychology Essay

Major Research Designs And Methods Psychology Essay Since time immemorial, Sociologists have been using different designs and research methods to examine society and social behaviour. Most sociological research involves  field work typically designed to depict the characteristics of a population as fully as possible. The designs and methods have proved utilitarian in studying the behaviour and relationships among groups of people and institutions and how their characteristics are shaped by these relationships. It analyses how society changes and how it maintains stability, looking into both unanimity and conflict among different social groups. Sociologys subject matter comprises of social procedures such as, deviance, identity development, socialization and social institutions, including work, religion, family. Major research designs The three most popular social research  designs are discussed below- CROSS SECTIONAL: It is also known as transversal studies,  cross-sectional analyses and  prevalence study. Cross sectional research involves the study of a number of individuals varying in age but have the same attribute or characteristic of interest at a single point of time. It forms a class of  research methods  that necessitate observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. They differ from  case-control studies  in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the  Odds ratio, but also  absolute risks and  relative risks  from  prevalences.  They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as  prevalence  of an illness, or they may support inferences of cause and effect.  Longitudinal studies  differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time. Longitudinal, in which scientists study the same individuals or society repeatedly over a specified period of time. A  longitudinal study  is a  correlation  research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time often many decades. It is a type of observation study. Longitudinal studies are often used in psychology to study developmental trends across the life span, and in sociology  to study life events throughout lifetimes or generations. The reason for this is that unlike  cross-sectional, in which different individuals with same characteristics are compared,[1]  longitudinal studies track the same people, and therefore the differences observed in those people are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations. Because of this benefit, longitudinal studies make observing changes more accurate, and they are applied in various other fields. In medicine, the design is used to uncover predictors of ce rtain diseases. In advertising, the design is used to identify the changes that advertising has produced in the attitudes and behaviours of those within the target audience who have seen the advertising campaign. Cross-sequential, in which scientists test individuals in a cross-sectional sample more than once over a specified period of time Six of the most popular sociological research  methods  (procedures) are the  case study, survey, observational, correlation, experimental,  and  cross-cultural methods, as well as working with information already available. Cross sequential studies combine both longitudinal and cross sectional methods in an attempt to both shorten the length of the research and minimize developmental assumptions Research methods Five of the most popular methods which help in sociological research are- Case study Survey Observational Experimental Cross-cultural CASE STUDY METHOD: In  case study research, a research worker analyses a person or small group of individuals with a strange situation or condition. Case studies are usually clinical in scope. The researcher (often a clinical sociologist) sometimes applies self-report measures to gather quantitative data on the field. A comprehensive examination, including a long-term follow-up, can last months or years. The advantage of case study is that, it obtains meaningful information about individuals or groups. The disadvantage is, it is only applicable to individuals with alike characteristics instead of the general population. SURVEY RESEARCH METHOD: It is the most common method by which researchers gather their data. This type of research method  involves face-to-face interviewing or administering  questionnaires, or written surveys, in which interviewer meets with his subject to ask them questions. The investigator examines the data acquired from surveys to know about similarities, differences, and current trend. The researcher then makes predictions about the subjects being studied. Its positive side includes acquiring information from a large number of responders, conducting interviews according to respondents convenience, and obtaining data as tattily as possible. Its negative side includes biased volunteer or interviewer and distortion. Distortion occurs when the subjects are not honest with the investigator. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD: It is also called field research, is a basic of sociology. Observational research involves directly noticing subjects behaviour, either in a laboratory (called laboratory observation) or in a natural environment (called  naturalistic observation). Observational research ensures the investigator that subjects will share totally honest accounts of the experiences, take the study seriously, learn to remember, do not feel embarrassed. Observation studies are of two types- Participant Observation and Non-Participant Observation. In participant the investigator gets an opportunity to be a part of the group he is studying and might even live with them. This must not influence the behaviour or attitude of the people they are studying. In nonparticipant observation, the research worker analyses a group of individual but does not otherwise interact with them. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD: This research method  tries to ascertain  how  and  why  something happens. Experimental research tests the way of how one variable  affects the other. There are various factors that can affect the resultant of any type of experimental research. One is discovering random samples and representative of the universe being analysed. Another is bias  experimenter, in which the investigators prospects about what should or should not occur in the study shake the results. Still some other is ascertaining for  immaterial variables, such as noise level or room temperature, which may intervene with the conclusions of the experiment. Only when researcher cautiously controls for immaterial variables can she or he draw sensible conclusions about the results of specific variables on other. The major plus point of this method is that the experimenter can be reasonably sure of a cause-and-effect relationship. Most experiments take place in the laboratory, which ma y be a room with a unidirectional mirror, but some experiments occur in the field, or in a natural environment. CROSS-CULTURAL METHOD: This method involves the study of values, folkways, norms, attitudes, mores, customs, and practices necessitate knowledge of other societies and cultures. This research is designed to discover variations across people from different culture experience and background. Most cross-cultural research involves direct observation, survey, and  participant observation  methods of research. In participant observation the investigator gets an opportunity to be a part of the subjects community he is studying and might even live with them. The positive aspect of this method of research is that the information obtained is considered within the social, political, economical, and religious systems of that community. The study also demonstrates that Western cultural standards are not necessarily practised by other societies. What may be acceptable or normal for one group may be unacceptable or abnormal for another. Conclusion The important types of sociological research include cross cultural, surveys, experiments, the use of existing data and observational studies. Surveys are the most common of all as it allows the researcher for gathering much information on subjects or respondents that is relatively trivial. The conclusion of surveys that use random samples can be generalized to the population that the sample represents. An observational study is also common and allows us to acquire in-depth knowledge of a small group of individual. Because the samples of these analyses are not random, the outcome cannot necessarily be generalized to a population. Experiments are very less common in sociology. When field experiments are conducted in sociology, they can yield valuable information because of their experimental design.

Slavery and Christianity in Harriet A. Jacob’s Incidents in the Life of

The Incongruity of Slavery and Christianity in Harriet A. Jacob’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself Slavery, the â€Å"Peculiar Institution† of the South, caused suffering among an innumerable number of human beings. Some people could argue that the life of a domestic animal would be better than being a slave; at least animals are incapable of feeling emotions. Suffering countless atrocities, including sexual assault, beatings, and murders, these slaves endured much more than we would think is humanly possible today. Yet, white southern â€Å"Christians† committed these atrocities, believing their behaviors were neither wrong nor immoral. Looking back at these atrocities, those who call themselves Christians are appalled. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, Harriet A. Jacobs describes the hypocrisy of Southern, Christian slave owners in order to show that slavery and Christianity are not congruent. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson). Thomas Jefferson, a white, Christian, political southern slave owner, wrote these words in 1776, a period in United States history when slavery thrived. The writer of the Declaration of Independence contradicts himself when he states that all men are created equal, when in actuality, his slaves were denied all that humans were meant to cherish. The slave owners accepted and rationalized slavery through the Holy Bible. The Bible mentions slavery on numerous occasions, and yet none of these passages condemn it. Timothy 6:1-2 states, â€Å"Let slaves regard th... ...e that chattel slavery was a cruel, perverse institution that no human should ever have to endure. Most people realize today how hypocritical it was to call oneself a Christian, while treating slaves so horribly. Throughout her book, Harriet Jacobs, in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, revealed Americans everywhere that slave owners were hypocrites, and calling themselves Christians was perhaps the greatest sin of all. Works Cited Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself. 1861. Ed. Lydia Maria Child. New ed. Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1987. Jefferson, Thomas. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence.† 4 July 1776. The Holy Bible. New International Version. Zondervan Publishing House. 1983. King, Martin Luther. â€Å"I Have a Dream.† Washington, D.C. 28 Aug. 1963.

Project method Essay

1.Advantages of the project method 1.1Group projects enhance individualization- the difference between learners can be accommodated by encouraging them to take responsibility for a section that they have interest in or for which they have the capabilities. 1.2The projects allow learners the freedom to investigate, search for information and display self-expression, creativity and cognitive abilities. 1.3 Group projects provide opportunities for learners to work cooperatively with other learners in a team and enhance their social and communication skills. 1.4Learners are afforded opportunities to investigate and solve practical business-related problems. 1.5Learners are more likely to identify with knowledge that they have helped to collect(Mahaye in Jacobs at al 2002:231-232) Disadvantages of the project method 1.1A project does not contribute to the attainment of learning outcome may lead to a waste of valuable time. 1.2A project that is unachievable due to poor planning and definition may be detrimental to learners’ self concept and motivation. 2.Requirements for effective planning in teaching Business Studies †¢The teachers should have a good knowledge of their subject. †¢They should formulate clear aims of outcomes so that they themselves and their learners know exactly where they are going. †¢They should be familiar with the various approaches in Business Studies and also the sequence in which the material should be presented and then select the most meaningful approach and sequence. †¢Be familiar and use teaching methods that encourages effective participative learning. †¢Be aware of what teaching media are available and know when and how to use them. †¢Be able to asses learning, to maintain a high standard and to use evaluation to improve the quality of their teaching. 3.The critical outcomes †¢Identify and solve problems in which responses show that responsible decisions have been made using critical and creative thinking. †¢Work effectively with others as a member of a team, group, an organization or community. †¢Organize and manage themselves and their activities responsible  and effectively. †¢Collect, analyze, organize and critically evaluate information. †¢Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical or language skills in the modes of oral or written presentations. †¢Use science and technology effectively and critically showing responsibility towards the environment and health of others. †¢Demonstrate an understanding of the world as a set of related systems by recognizing that problem solving contexts do not exist in isolation The development outcomes †¢Reflect on and exploring a variety of strategies for more effective learning. †¢Participate as a responsible citizen in the life of local, national and global communication. †¢Be cultural and aesthetically across a range of social contexts. †¢Explore education and career opportunities. †¢Develop entrepreneurial opportunities 4.Factors to be considered in the choice of methods instructions †¢The learning outcome- What is the aim of a lesson? Is it to introduce new information, apply the theory in practice or revise completed work? †¢Learners needs- If the learner does not understand the work that has been explained, a teaching method should be chosen that provides opportunities for asking questions so that any obscurities and problems can be cleared up. †¢The subject contents- some subject contents are more practical while others are more theoretical. When section of the subject is extremely practical (e.g. market research) it is preferable to choose a method in which demonstrations and examples can be used to explain the subject content. †¢Learners talents and gifts- learners who are less gifted have difficulty learning hence the need for sufficient illustrations, demonstration, learner involvement and repetition. More gifted learners learn more quickly and are able to concentrate for longer periods. You should therefore choose methods that allow a learner to perform according to his/her abilities. †¢The competence of a teacher- You should know your own abilities and shortcoming. For example if you are not computer literate, you may decide to use and expert to deal with content on computer applications (emails, electronic storage and retrieval etc) if you have speech problems  you should avoid using the lecture method.

The Inventing Life of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell in Albemarle County, Virginia. A member of the Continental Congress, he was the author of the Declaration of Independence at the age of 33. After American independence was won, Jefferson worked for the revision of the laws of his home state of Virginia, to bring them into conformity with the freedoms embraced by the new Constitution of the United States. Although he had drafted the states Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom in 1777, Virginias General Assembly postponed its passage. In January 1786, the bill was reintroduced and, with the support of James Madison, passed as An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom. In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated his old friend John Adams to become the third president of the new United States. An inveterate collector of books, Jefferson sold his personal library to Congress in 1815 in order to rebuild the collection of the Congressional Library, destroyed by fire in 1814. The last years of his life were spent in retirement at Monticello, during which period he founded, designed, and directed the building of the University of Virginia. Jurist, diplomat, writer, inventor, philosopher, architect, gardener, negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson requested that only three of his many accomplishments be noted on his tomb at Monticello: Author of the Declaration of American IndependenceAuthor of the Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomFather of the University of Virginia Thomas Jeffersons Design for a Plow President Thomas Jefferson, one of Virginias largest planters, considered agriculture to be a science of the very first order, and he studied it with great zeal and commitment. Jefferson introduced numerous plants to the United States, and he frequently exchanged farming advice and seeds with like-minded correspondents. Of particular interest to the innovative Jefferson was farm machinery, especially the development of a plow which would delve deeper than the two to three inches achieved by a standard wooden plow. Jefferson needed a plow and method of cultivation that would help prevent the soil erosion that plagued Virginias Piedmont farms. To this end, he and his son-in-law, Thomas Mann Randolph (1768-1828), who managed much of Jeffersons land, worked together to develop iron and mould  board plows that were specifically designed for hillside plowing, in that they turned the furrow to the downhill side. As the calculations on the sketch show, Jeffersons plows were often based on mathematical formulas, which helped facilitate their duplication and improvement.​​​ Macaroni Machine Jefferson acquired a taste for continental cooking while serving as American minister to France in the 1780s. When he returned to the United States in 1790 he brought with him a French cook and many recipes for French, Italian, and other au courant cookery. Jefferson not only served his guests the best European wines, but he liked to dazzle them with delights such as ice cream, peach flambe, macaroni, and macaroons. This drawing of a macaroni machine, with the sectional view showing holes from which dough could be extruded, reflects Jeffersons curious mind and his interest and aptitude in mechanical matters. Other Inventions of Thomas Jefferson Jefferson designed an improved version of the dumbwaiter. While serving as George Washingtons secretary of state (1790-1793), Thomas Jefferson devised an ingenious, easy, and secure method to encode and decode messages: the Wheel Cipher. In 1804, Jefferson abandoned his copying press and for the rest of his life used exclusively the polygraph for duplicating his correspondence.